Énergie aérothermiqueAn air source heat pump (ASHP) is a type of heat pump that can absorb heat from outside a structure and release it inside using the same vapor-compression refrigeration process and much the same equipment as air conditioners but used in the opposite direction. Unlike an air conditioning unit, most ASHPs are reversible and are able to either warm or cool buildings and in some cases also provide domestic hot water. In a typical setting, an ASHP can gain 4 kWh thermal energy from 1 kWh electric energy.
Heating plantA heating plant, also called a physical plant, or steam plant, generates thermal energy in the form of steam for use in district heating applications. Unlike combined heat and power installations which produce thermal energy as a by-product of electricity generation, heating plants are dedicated to generating heat for use in various processes. Heating plants are commonly used at hospital or university campuses, military bases, office tower complexes, and public housing complexes.
Geothermal heatingGeothermal heating is the direct use of geothermal energy for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270 PJ of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28 GW of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption. Thermal efficiency is high since no energy conversion is needed, but capacity factors tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.
Gazogènevignette|Voiture équipée d'un gazogène à Berlin en 1946. vignette|Camion nord-coréen à gazogène (mars 2014). Le gazogène, inventé au , est un appareil permettant de produire un gaz par pyrolyse de matières solides et combustibles : bois (gaz de bois), charbon de bois, coke, anthracite, et permettant d'alimenter des moteurs dits « à gaz pauvres », des moteurs à explosion classiques ou bien des chaudières. La gazéification était une technologie importante et courante au et au début du .
