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La cocaïne est un alcaloïde tropanique extrait de la feuille de coca. Célèbre psychotrope, elle est un très puissant stimulant du système nerveux central, et sa consommation est extrêmement addictive. Elle constitue également un vasoconstricteur périphérique. Elle est classifiée comme stupéfiant par la convention unique sur les stupéfiants de 1961 de l'ONU. Sa possession, son trafic et sa vente sont réglementés dans tous les pays.. Cependant, certains ont dépénalisé – voire légalisé – sa possession pour un usage personnel, comme en République tchèque, au Portugal ou en Colombie. D'autres pays ultra-restrictifs peuvent appliquer la peine de mort comme en Arabie Saoudite ou aux Émirats Arabes Unis. Contrairement à l'héroïne, il n'existe pas encore de traitement de substitution. Un vaccin anti-cocaïne a été testé avec succès chez l'animal et chez l'homme, sans effets indésirables graves. Il semble être un traitement porteur d'espoir contre l'addiction à ce produit, sous réserve que des

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Unaltered cocaine self-administration in the prenatal LPS rat model of schizophrenia

Erika Myrna Borcel Novoa

Although cocaine abuse is up to three times more frequent among schizophrenic patients, it remains unclear why this should be the case and whether sex influences this relationship. Using a maternal immune activation model of schizophrenia, we tested whether animals at higher risk of developing a schizophrenia-like state are more prone to acquire cocaine self-administration behavior, and whether they show enhanced sensitivity to the reinforcing actions of cocaine or if they are resistant to extinction. Pregnant rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide on gestational day 15 and 16, and the offspring (both male and female) were tested in working memory (T-maze), social interaction and sensorimotor gating (prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response) paradigms. After performing these tests, the rats were subjected to cocaine self-administration regimes (0.5 mg/kg), assessing their dose-response and extinction. Male rats born to dams administered lipopolysaccharide showed impaired working memory but no alterations to their social interactions, and both male and female rats showed prepulse inhibition deficits. Moreover, similar patterns of cocaine self-administration acquisition, responsiveness to dose shifts and extinction curves were observed in both control and experimental rats. These results suggest that the higher prevalence of cocaine abuse among schizophrenic individuals is not due to a biological vulnerability directly associated to the disease and that other factors (social, educational, economic, familial, etc.) should be considered given the multifactorial nature of this illness. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd2016

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Mid-infrared spectroscopy for gases and liquids based on quantum cascade technologies

Yu-Chi Chang, Nico de Rooij, Jérôme Faist, Hans Peter Herzig, Lubos Hvozdara, Philip Wägli

In this paper we present two compact, quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy based, sensors developed for trace substance detection in gases and liquids. The gas sensor, in its most integrated version, represents the first system combining a quantum cascade laser and a quantum cascade detector. Furthermore, it uses a toroidal mirror cell with a volume of only 40 cm(3) for a path length of up to 4 m. The analytical performance is assessed by the measurements of isotope ratios of CO2 at ambient abundance. For the (CO2)-C-13/(CO2)-C-12 isotope ratio, a measurement precision of 0.2 parts per thousand is demonstrated after an integration time of 600 s. For the liquid sensor, a microfluidic system is used to extract cocaine from saliva into a solvent (PCE) transparent in the mid-infrared. This system is bonded on top of a Si/Ge waveguide and the concentration of cocaine in PCE is measured through the interaction of the evanescent part of the waveguide optical mode and the solvent flowing on top. A detection limit of

Royal Soc Chemistry2014

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Dampened neural activity and abolition of epileptic-like activity in cortical slices by active ingredients of spices

Susana Camacho Romero, Sara Lillian Gonzalez Andino, Johannes Le Coutre, Henry Markram, Julie Meystre, Maurizio Ferdinando Pezzoli

Active ingredients of spices (AIS) modulate neural response in the peripheral nervous system, mainly through interaction with TRP channel/receptors. The present study explores how different AIS modulate neural response in layer 5 pyramidal neurons of S1 neocortex. The AIS tested are agonists of TRPV1/3, TRPM8 or TRPA1. Our results demonstrate that capsaicin, eugenol, menthol, icilin and cinnamaldehyde, but not AITC dampen the generation of APs in a voltage- and time-dependent manner. This effect was further tested for the TRPM8 ligands in the presence of a TRPM8 blocker (BCTC) and on TRPM8 KO mice. The observable effect was still present. Finally, the influence of the selected AIS was tested on in vitro gabazine-induced seizures. Results coincide with the above observations: except for cinnamaldehyde, the same AIS were able to reduce the number, duration of the AP bursts and increase the concentration of gabazine needed to elicit them. In conclusion, our data suggests that some of these AIS can modulate glutamatergic neurons in the brain through a TRP-independent pathway, regardless of whether the neurons are stimulated intracellularly or by hyperactive microcircuitry.

Nature Publishing Group2014

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