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Concept
Passeri
Résumé
A songbird is a bird belonging to the suborder Passeri of the perching birds (Passeriformes). Another name that is sometimes seen as the scientific or vernacular name is Oscines, from Latin oscen, "songbird". The Passeriformes contains 5,000 or so species found all over the world, in which the vocal organ typically is developed in such a way as to produce a diverse and elaborate bird song.
Songbirds form one of the two major lineages of extant perching birds (~4,000 species), the other being the Tyranni (~1,000 species), which are most diverse in the Neotropics and absent from many parts of the world. The Tyranni have a simpler syrinx musculature, and while their vocalizations are often just as complex and striking as those of songbirds, they are altogether more mechanical sounding. There is a third perching bird lineage, the Acanthisitti from New Zealand, of which only two species remain alive today.
Some evidence suggests that songbirds evolved 50 million years ago in the part of Gondwana that later became India, Sri Lanka, Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and Antarctica, before spreading around the world.
The song in this clade is essentially territorial, because it communicates the identity and whereabouts of an individual to other birds, and also signals sexual intentions. Sexual selection among songbirds is highly based on mimetic vocalization. Female preference has shown in some populations to be based on the extent of a male's song repertoire. The larger a male's repertoire, the more females a male individual attracts. It is not to be confused with bird calls that are used for alarms and contact and are especially important in birds that feed or migrate in flocks. While almost all living birds give calls of some sort, well-developed songs are only given by a few lineages outside the songbirds. And still, not all songbirds proffer a call that is distinctly melodious. Songbirds do, however, possess a highly developed vocal organ, the syrinx, that enables their sonorous activity.
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Proximité ontologique
Concepts associés (22)
Vocalisation des oiseaux
vignette|Le Merle noir est un chanteur virtuose. Son perchoir improvisé lui permet de dominer son environnement proche, visuellement et auditivement (île de Fionie, Danemark). vignette|Chant mélodieux : strophes de 3-5 sec. aux motifs variés composés de sifflements flûtés, et d'une finale suraigue moins sonore. vignette|Cri d'alarme tix-tix-tix-tix. Comme la plupart des vertébrés, les oiseaux émettent des sons vocalisés. L'être humain différencie bon nombre de ces chants ou sons et leur a donné un nom particulier, par exemple roucoulement, piaillement, cancanement.
Passeriformes
Les (passériformes ou passereaux) forment le plus grand ordre de la classe des oiseaux. Le taxon regroupe en effet plus de la moitié des espèces d'oiseaux. La classification est sujette à une révision permanente, mais les passereaux, parmi les oiseaux modernes, sont généralement distingués des perroquets, des colious, des rapaces nocturnes, des faucons, des pics, des colombes, des grues, des flamants, des cigognes, des grèbes, des plongeons, des manchots et autres clades moins familiers, au sein desquels les regroupements sont eux-mêmes sans cesse remis en cause.
Dipper
Dippers are members of the genus Cinclus in the bird family Cinclidae, so-called because of their bobbing or dipping movements. They are unique among passerines for their ability to dive and swim underwater. The genus Cinclus was introduced by the German naturalist Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen in 1797 with the white-throated dipper (Cinclus cinclus) as the type species. The name cinclus is from the Ancient Greek word kinklos that was used to describe small tail-wagging birds that resided near water.