Crystallographic databaseA crystallographic database is a database specifically designed to store information about the structure of molecules and crystals. Crystals are solids having, in all three dimensions of space, a regularly repeating arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules. They are characterized by symmetry, morphology, and directionally dependent physical properties. A crystal structure describes the arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystal.
Crystallographic point groupIn crystallography, a crystallographic point group is a set of symmetry operations, corresponding to one of the point groups in three dimensions, such that each operation (perhaps followed by a translation) would leave the structure of a crystal unchanged i.e. the same kinds of atoms would be placed in similar positions as before the transformation.
Structure factorIn condensed matter physics and crystallography, the static structure factor (or structure factor for short) is a mathematical description of how a material scatters incident radiation. The structure factor is a critical tool in the interpretation of scattering patterns (interference patterns) obtained in X-ray, electron and neutron diffraction experiments. Confusingly, there are two different mathematical expressions in use, both called 'structure factor'.
Diffraction d’électrons lentsLa diffraction d'électrons lents (low-energy electron diffraction, LEED) est une technique de détermination de la structure cristalline d'une surface par bombardement à l'aide d'un faisceau monochromatique et collimaté d'électrons lents (20-200 eV) dont on observe la figure de diffraction sur un écran fluorescent. Le LEED peut être utilisé de deux façons : Qualitativement : la figure de diffraction est observée sur l'écran et la position des spots donne des informations sur la symétrie de la structure atomique en surface.
Système cristallin orthorhombiqueEn cristallographie, le système cristallin orthorhombique est l'un des sept systèmes cristallins dans lesquels on classe les cristaux selon leurs propriétés de symétrie. Tout cristal orthorhombique possède comme opération de symétrie une rotation binaire ou une réflexion, voire les deux, selon trois directions perpendiculaires qui sont choisies comme axes du référentiel.
Zone axisZone axis, a term sometimes used to refer to "high-symmetry" orientations in a crystal, most generally refers to any direction referenced to the direct lattice (as distinct from the reciprocal lattice) of a crystal in three dimensions. It is therefore indexed with direct lattice indices, instead of with Miller indices. High-symmetry zone axes through a crystal lattice, in particular, often lie in the direction of tunnels through the crystal between planes of atoms.
Electron crystallographyElectron crystallography is a method to determine the arrangement of atoms in solids using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It can involve the use of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images, electron diffraction patterns including convergent-beam electron diffraction or combinations of these. It has been successful in determining some bulk structures, and also surface structures. Two related methods are low-energy electron diffraction which has solved the structure of many surfaces, and reflection high-energy electron diffraction which is used to monitor surfaces often during growth.
Carbone amorphethumb|Représentation moléculaire d'un fragment de carbone amorphe. Le carbone amorphe est une forme allotropique du carbone qui, amorphe, ne possède pas de structure cristalline (contrairement au graphite et au diamant). En minéralogie, on emploie le terme pour désigner du charbon, des suies ou d'autres formes de carbone qui ne sont ni du diamant, ni du graphite, mais du point de vue cristallographique ces formes de carbone sont des polycristaux au sein d'une matrice amorphe et ne sont pas entièrement amorphes.
Texture (minéralogie)thumb|Figures de pôles representant la texture cristalline d'un alliage gamma-TiAl thumb|Structure polycristalline d'un acier électrique. Chaque grain a une orientation différente, visible par les différentes réflexions de la lumière. En minéralogie, le terme texture désigne une orientation préférentielle des cristallites d'un matériau polycristallin. Un matériau polycristallin tel qu'une poudre, une céramique ou une couche mince est composé d'une multitude de petits cristaux, ou cristallites, agrégés les uns aux autres.
Precession electron diffractionPrecession electron diffraction (PED) is a specialized method to collect electron diffraction patterns in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). By rotating (precessing) a tilted incident electron beam around the central axis of the microscope, a PED pattern is formed by integration over a collection of diffraction conditions. This produces a quasi-kinematical diffraction pattern that is more suitable as input into direct methods algorithms to determine the crystal structure of the sample.
