Consommateur

Résumé

Un consommateur est une personne qui réalise un ensemble d'actes à propos d'un service ou d'un produit depuis son achat jusqu'à son utilisation ultime. Et cela en vue de satisfaire au mieux ses attentes tout au long de la durée normale prévue d'utilisation. Ce terme recouvre abusivement indistinctement différents rôles : acheteur, approvisionneur, utilisateur, usager, bénéficiaire, payeur... Les définitions spécifiques L'agent consommateur peut être considéré sous différents angles selon les disciplines : En économie Un consommateur est l'agent économique (personne physique ou personne morale) qui choisit, utilise et consomme un service ou un bien et procède de ce fait à leur destruction partielle ou totale. Cette consommation est dite :

« finale », lorsque l'utilisation du bien consommé correspond à un usage personnel privé (boire un verre de vin, regarder un spectacle, se promener en voiture...) ;
« intermédiaire », lorsque le bien ou le service consom

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consommateur

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Cours associés (13)

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It offers a large overview of modern marketing and is not suited for students with advances marketing knowledge.

This course presents different types and mechanisms of electricity markets. It addresses in particular their impacts on power/distribution systems operation and consequently the appropriate strategies capable to ensure a secure and reliable functioning.

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Séances de cours associées (36)

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Microsoft Kinect, Google's Project Tango and Lytro's light field camera are all examples of 3D depth sensing reaching the consumer market. As this technology becomes more widestream, new signal processing techniques are needed to exploit this data. Recent techniques in 3D shape similarity assesment present exciting opportunities to develop new algorithms in this area. The aim of this project is to create a tutorial to these techniques using an iPython notebook. Particular emphasis will be placed on an excellent review paper [1] and book [2]. Seneca, the Roman philosopher, said “While we teach, we learn,” and creating a tutorial on these topics is an excellent exercise to understand a complex subject that is at the heart of many modern computer vision techniques. [1] S. Biasotti et al "Recent Trends, Applications, and Perspectives in 3D Shape Similarity Assessment", 2015. [2] A. Bronstein, M. Bronstein, R. Kimmel "Numerical Geometry of Non-Rigid Shapes", 2008. LCAV1556050917

2016

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This article seeks to address current debates on ongoing China’s urban development and makes a theoretical proposal that links financialization and ecological civilization through the perspective of the increasing role of consumption in today’s transition to an upgraded domestic economy. While both financialized land value capture and the role of quality are now fundamental to the construction of the built environment in Chinese cities, we argue that the “consumption city” refers to an economic and urban production process as well as to a societal transformation. First, the economic upgrading has gone along with a greater mobility of people travelling ever longer distances who spend their income or invest in the places they travel to rather than necessarily their places of residence or of work. To attract these consumers, whether they are residents, tourist or property investors, the quality of the living and consumption environments play a dominant role in the complex urban production and in governance, beyond the classic model of development based on the city as a production place. Simultaneously, the rising role of financialization by external households as investors raises the issue of how and to what extent the construction of consumption places has been a way for the state to further enhance the land value capture in (new or not) cities. Second, as the latest government strategy, ecological civilization is part of a social engineering process aiming to shape people’s lifestyles in terms of both their everyday consumption practices and their mindsets. The current transition aims to “civilize” citizens by enlarging the scope of urban consumers beyond the upper and middle classes to people from rural areas who are encouraged to become urban. Ecological civilization promotes a better quality of life for all, together with new outdoor and experiential activities, although this comes with a high ecological footprint.

2022

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Managing competing technology standards in the digital economy

Arnaud Varé

Over the last decades, battles for technological dominance between competing and incompatible technologies have had a significant impact on competition within many high-tech industries. In this dissertation, we are concerned with the management of such standards wars. We recognize that many changes have occurred in the technology environment since the beginning of the digital economy (and especially the commercialization of the Internet). We acknowledge, in particular, that an alleged winner of a standards war can rarely "take all" in the current technology environment, whereas this was possible in the past. Therefore, using a qualitative literature survey supported by three case studies, we investigate how the fast-moving technology environment influences the tactical choices of companies trying to establish their products as de facto standards. We analyze the evolution of standards wars by determining the changes in influence factors and emerging technology trends. These changes increase the pressures on timing and the competition exposure in standards competitions. We develop the portfolio of tactics that competing companies should apply in the management of emerging standards wars, composed both of traditional and new deployment tactics. Borrowing from significant change factors and new deployment tactics in standards war, we specifically study a relevant dimension of current standards wars – conversion technologies. Technology digitalization simplifies and speeds up the development of converters allowing companies to overcome technology incompatibility. We differentiate between incumbent-provided and third-party converters. When converters are incumbent-provided, we develop mathematical models to analyze the effects of their introduction on the adoption process of competing, incompatible technologies in the presence of network externalities. Converter introduction may accelerate, extend or reverse the technology lock-in process. We determine which conversion options are profitable for weak, as well as for dominant, incumbents, depending upon the timing of converter introduction and the degrees of conversion. We find that the optimal strategy for weak incumbents is to introduce full one-way converters early on. For dominant incumbents, the optimal conversion option is the provision of two-way converters with partial compatibility for the users of the competing network at a later point in time. In a following piece, we extend our modeling framework by investigating the provision of third-party converters. We develop a mathematical model to analyze the effects of third-party converter introduction on the adoption process of incumbents' base technologies. We determine under what circumstances third parties may maximize their profit. We show that the optimal converter introduction time depends on a trade-off between conversion option and consumers' memory effect. The preferred conversion option is mostly two-way conversion. As a result, the lock-in process of base technologies gets accelerated due to third-party converter provision. From incumbents' perspective, we discuss how they can anticipate and react to third-party converter introduction. By keeping their network closed, creating an installed base early, developing a built-in converter and/or influencing consumers' converter perception, incumbents reduce third parties' incentive to introduce converters.

EPFL2008

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Managing competing technology standards in the digital economy

Arnaud Varé

EPFL2008