Concept

Excitation temperature

Résumé
In statistical mechanics, the excitation temperature (T_ex) is defined for a population of particles via the Boltzmann factor. It satisfies where nu is the number of particles in an upper (e.g. excited) state; gu is the statistical weight of those upper-state particles; nl is the number of particles in a lower (e.g. ground) state; gl is the statistical weight of those lower-state particles; exp is the exponential function; k is the Boltzmann constant; ΔE is the difference in energy between the upper and lower states. Thus the excitation temperature is the temperature at which we would expect to find a system with this ratio of level populations. However it has no actual physical meaning except when in local thermodynamic equilibrium. The excitation temperature can even be negative for a system with inverted levels (such as a maser). In observations of the 21 cm line of hydrogen, the apparent value of the excitation temperature is often called the "spin temperature".
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