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Concepts associés (20)
Modèle des Big Five (psychologie)
[[File:Modèle Big Five.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Le 5 traits du modèle de personnalité Big Five']] En psychologie, Big Five désigne un modèle descriptif de la personnalité en cinq traits centraux, empiriquement proposé par en 1981 puis développé par Costa et McCrae dans les années 1987-1992. Il constitue non une théorie mais un repère pour la description et l'étude théorique de la personnalité. Il a servi à établir les profils psychologiques utilisés pour influencer les élections américaines et le référendum qui a abouti au Brexit, dans le cadre du Scandale Facebook-Cambridge Analytica/AggregateIQ.
Conscienciosité
La conscienciosité ou conscience est un trait de personnalité mis en évidence au travers du modèle des Big Five ainsi que du modèle HEXACO. C'est un trait qui consiste à être approfondi, prudent et vigilant et qui implique un désir de bien faire une tâche. Les personnes consciencieuses sont généralement efficaces et organisées par opposition à d'autres qui privilégieraient le travail vite fait et désorganisé.
Goal orientation
Goal orientation, or achievement orientation, is an "individual disposition towards developing or validating one's ability in achievement settings". In general, an individual can be said to be mastery or performance oriented, based on whether one's goal is to develop one's ability or to demonstrate one's ability, respectively. A mastery orientation is also sometimes referred to as a learning orientation. Goal orientation refers to how an individual interprets and reacts to tasks, resulting in different patterns of cognition, affect and behavior.
Trait theory
In psychology, trait theory (also called dispositional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. According to this perspective, traits are aspects of personality that are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are not), are relatively consistent over situations, and influence behaviour.
Substance use disorder
Substance use disorder (SUD) is the persistent use of drugs (including alcohol) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences as a result of their use. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) states that “Substance use disorder (SUD) is a treatable mental disorder that affects a person's brain and behavior, leading to their inability to control their use of substances like legal or illegal drugs, alcohol, or medications. Symptoms can be moderate to severe, with addiction being the most severe form of SUD”.
Self-transcendence
Self-transcendence is a personality trait that involves the expansion of personal boundaries, including, potentially, experiencing spiritual ideas such as considering oneself an integral part of the universe. Several psychologists, including Viktor Frankl, Abraham Maslow, Pamela G. Reed, C. Robert Cloninger, Lars Tornstam, and Scott Barry Kaufman have made contributions to the theory of self-transcendence. Self-transcendence is distinctive as the first trait concept of a spiritual nature to be incorporated into a major theory of personality.
Créativité
thumb|Créativité artistique, scientifique, technologique, organisationnelle, etc. se combinent dans ce tableau montrant l'exhumation des restes d'un Mastodonte. Toile de Charles Willson Peale, 1806. La créativité est, , la capacité d'un individu à imaginer et mettre en œuvre un concept neuf, un objet nouveau ou à découvrir une solution originale à un problème.
Introversion et extraversion
Les termes introversion et extraversion furent proposés par Carl Gustav Jung dans son ouvrage Types Psychologiques (1921) pour distinguer les deux types d’attitudes observables chez les individus selon leur tendance à s’intéresser aux objets externes (les autres, le monde) ou à leur propre univers intérieur ou subjectivité. À ce propos, compte tenu de la tendance à considérer le ‘subjectif’ comme ayant moins de validité que ce qui est « objectif », Jung tient à clarifier ce qu’il signifie par subjectivité dans ce contexte : .
Lexical hypothesis
The lexical hypothesis (also known as the fundamental lexical hypothesis, lexical approach, or sedimentation hypothesis) is a thesis, current primarily in early personality psychology, and subsumed subsequently by many later efforts concerning that topic. Despite some variation of its definition and application, the hypothesis is generally defined by two postulates. The first states that those personality characteristics that are important to a group of people will eventually become a part of that group's language.
16PF Questionnaire
The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) is a self-report personality test developed over several decades of empirical research by Raymond B. Cattell, Maurice Tatsuoka and Herbert Eber. The 16PF provides a measure of personality and can also be used by psychologists, and other mental health professionals, as a clinical instrument to help diagnose psychiatric disorders, and help with prognosis and therapy planning.