Concept
Système de récompense
Concepts associés (37)
Substantia nigra
La substantia nigra (substance noire, dite aussi locus niger) est un noyau du système nerveux situé au niveau du mésencéphale et du diencéphale sus-jacent, à la base des crus cerebri et ventralement par rapport au tegmentum. Son nom provient de la couleur des cellules qui composent ce noyau en raison de la présence de neuromélanine. La substantia nigra se subdivise en deux parties principales, la pars compacta d'une part et la pars reticulata d'autre part. La substantia nigra pars compacta est composée de neurones dopaminergiques.
Pavlovian-instrumental transfer
Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT) is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS, also known as a "cue") that has been associated with rewarding or aversive stimuli via classical conditioning alters motivational salience and operant behavior. Two distinct forms of Pavlovian-instrumental transfer have been identified in humans and other animals – specific PIT and general PIT – with unique neural substrates mediating each type.
Optogénétique
L'optogénétique est un domaine de recherche et d’application associant les techniques de l’optique à celles de la génétique. Elle permet, par une stimulation lumineuse, d'altérer spécifiquement et localement un nombre limité de cellules modifiées génétiquement pour y être sensibles, sans perturber directement l'état des cellules voisines. Conceptualisée à la fin des années 1970, elle est consacrée par un mot dédié en 2006, puis élue méthode de l’année par Nature Methods en 2010.
Behavioral addiction
Behavioral addiction is a form of addiction that involves a compulsion to engage in a rewarding non-substance-related behavior – sometimes called a natural reward – despite any negative consequences to the person's physical, mental, social or financial well-being. Addiction canonically refers to substance abuse; however, the term's connotation has been expanded to include behaviors that may lead to a reward (such as gambling, eating, or shopping) since the 1990s.
Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop
The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop (CBGTC loop) is a system of neural circuits in the brain. The loop involves connections between the cortex, the basal ganglia, the thalamus, and back to the cortex. It is of particular relevance to hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, as well as to mental disorders of control, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and Tourette syndrome.
Self-administration
Self-administration is, in its medical sense, the process of a subject administering a pharmacological substance to themself. A clinical example of this is the subcutaneous "self-injection" of insulin by a diabetic patient. In animal experimentation, self-administration is a form of operant conditioning where the reward is a drug. This drug can be administered remotely through an implanted intravenous line or an intracerebroventricular injection.
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is a part of the prefrontal cortex in the mammalian brain. The ventral medial prefrontal is located in the frontal lobe at the bottom of the cerebral hemispheres and is implicated in the processing of risk and fear, as it is critical in the regulation of amygdala activity in humans. It also plays a role in the inhibition of emotional responses, and in the process of decision-making and self-control. It is also involved in the cognitive evaluation of morality.