Hydroélectricité au fil de l'eau

Résumé

L'hydroélectricité au fil de l'eau désigne la production d'électricité par une centrale hydroélectrique qui fonctionne sans retenue d'eau, donc sans possibilité de stocker celle-ci durant les périodes de l'année de hauts débits pour pouvoir déstocker en période de basses eaux. Caractéristiques spécifiques À l'inverse des centrales dites « de lac » ou « à accumulation » dotées de réservoirs importants, les centrales au fil de l'eau n'ont pas (ou très peu) la capacité de moduler leur production en fonction des besoins des consommateurs ou de l'opérateur du réseau. Leur production varie fortement en fonction des événements climatiques (pluies, sécheresses, saisons) ; elles font donc partie, comme les éoliennes et le solaire, des énergies renouvelables à production dite « fatale » au sens où elle doit être consommée instantanément au moment de leur production, en l'absence de capacité de stockage. En contrepartie, elles ne nécessitent que des aménagements simples et beaucoup

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9_au_fil_de_l'eau

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Cours associés (13)

La conception générale et l'agencement des différentes infrastructures et batteries hydroélectriques, avec le dimensionnement de leurs ouvrages hydrauliques principaux.

Water resources engineering designs systems to control the quantity, quality, timing, and distribution of water to support human demands and the needs of the environment.

L'ensemble des problématiques liées à l'eau est présenté afin d'avoir une vue globale de la gestion et de l'économie de cet élément essentiel à toute vie et toute activité. L'analyse des ressources et des besoins est présentée ainsi que les outils d'optimisation et d'évaluation économique.

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Séances de cours associées (24)

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Optimal CAM Computation of Kaplan Turbines Accounting for Wear and Tear Originated by Frequency Control

Francesco Gerini, Mario Paolone, Elena Vagnoni

Nowadays, the importance of providing frequency stability to power systems with hydropower units is significantly increasing due to the growing proportion of volatile renewable energy sources. However, the provision of such services, as frequency containment reserve, inevitably increases the wear and tear, decreasing the performance of the hydraulic machines, especially the Kaplan ones. In view of a growing demand for frequency containment reserve, it is important to quantify the performance decline and occasionally recompute the characteristic curves of the hydraulic machine to update the control system and reduce the efficiency loss. Since this process is usually expensive, as it requires off-line tests, this paper proposes a data-driven method to estimate the performance decrease of Kaplan turbines by leveraging operational recorded data. The proposed approach is applied to compute a new CAM relation for the run-of-river power plant of Vogelgrun. The new CAM, obtained with the proposed method is finally compared with real operational data.

IEEE2021

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Improving frequency containment reserve provision in run-of-river hydropower plants

Francesco Gerini, Mario Paolone, Elena Vagnoni

The paper presents a model-based control strategy for optimal asset management of hydroelectric units in run-of-river hydropower plants. The proposed control strategy aims to operate the unit at the best efficiency while improving water flow management and minimise components wear during frequency containment reserve provision. This approach is designed for a double regulated turbine (Kaplan) with adjustable guide vanes angle and runner blades angle and can be extended to other turbines adopted in run-of-river hydropower plants. The optimal discharge set-point is computed for maximising the frequency containment reserve provision while controlling the head of the river. The best efficiency is achieved by solving a suitably defined convex optimisation problem leveraging a regressive model of the hydraulic characteristics of the turbine and dynamics of the guide vanes and blades servomotors. The discharge set-point combines three terms: the dispatch plan set-point, the regulating discharge, proportional to the grid frequency deviation, and an offset term computed to control the average flow through the machine. Furthermore, a method to forecast the energy required in the following hour for the provision of grid frequency regulation is exploited to enhance the unit’s frequency containment reserve action. The control strategy is validated by simulating a month of operation for the full-scale run-of-river hydropower plant located in Vogelgrun (France) and by comparing the results with operational statistics. Results show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy able to increase the provision of frequency containment reserve while decreasing the number of movements of the machine components and maximise the efficiency.

2021

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The total storage capacity of the reservoirs in Switzerland represents only 42% of their annual production of electricity, but secures approximately 100% of hydropower’s contribution to the winter electricity supply. In order to avoid spilling, the storage power plants therefore need to turbine the supplementary inflows like a run-on-the-river plant when the reservoirs are full at the end of the summer semester. This leads to a significant need to import electricity during the winter semester due to lack of production. The storage capacity of the reservoirs located in Valais contains more than 30% of the total live storage capacity in Switzerland and is strategical for the seasonal energy transfer. This paper presents a methodology to assess the potential to increase seasonal storage and then explores this methodology on a case study. The methodology was first developed and tested using recent hydrology and reservoir operation, and then used to explore alternative ways of operating and adapting the hydropower infrastructure when exposed to predictions of future runoff for the coming decades. In fact, from now to the year 2100, the inflows to these reservoirs are expected to vary considerably both in time and space. For instance, an especially significant increase of the yearly inflows due to glacier recession is expected for the 2045-2074 period. This will lead to new opportunities and new challenges in the operational management of the dams. The application of the methodology to the case study of the hydropower scheme of Grande Dixence illustrates two different options to increase the seasonal storage capacity: the creation of a new reservoir further upstream and the heightening of the Grande Dixence dam. The optimal storage capacity that guarantees the best use of the available future inflows and an adequate balance between water abundance in some years and water scarcity in others is computed considering different ways of using the inflows in a range of consecutive years and runoff predictions obtained for three greenhouse gas emission scenarios.

2017

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2017