SomozaLes Somoza étaient une influente famille du Nicaragua, devenue dynastie politique. Cette influence s’exerça pendant quarante-trois ans sur la vie politique du pays. Trois membres de cette dynastie furent présidents de la République: Anastasio Somoza García (1896–1956) de 1937 à 1947 et de 1950 à 1956. Gravement blessé lors d'un attentat contre sa personne, il meurt le . Luis Somoza Debayle (1922–1967), son fils aîné, président de 1956 à 1963, et Anastasio Somoza Debayle (1925–1980), son second fils, président de 1967 à 1972 et de 1974 à 1979.
RuscismRuscism, also known as Rashism, Russism, or Russian fascism, is a term used by a number of scholars, politicians and publicists to describe the political ideology and the social practices of the Russian state in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, especially during the rule of Vladimir Putin. "Ruscism" and "Russism" are portmanteaus which combine the words 'Russian' and 'fascism'; "Rashism" is a rough transcription of the Russian and Ukrainian equivalents (also a portmanteau).
PluralismeEn sciences sociales, le pluralisme est un système d'organisation politique qui reconnaît et accepte la diversité des opinions et de leurs représentants. Le pluralisme ne va pas de soi, il s'oppose aux tendances naturelles de tout pouvoir à développer son système de défenses conscient et inconscient à toute idée différente. Il est un acquis éducatif ou une lente construction. En effet, tout groupe humain a tendance à étouffer les formes d'esprit critique et d'indépendance, à développer ses codes d'appartenance, ses propres concepts spécifiques et codes de soumission de la pensée.
Revolutionary waveA revolutionary wave or revolutionary decade is one series of revolutions occurring in various locations within a similar time-span. In many cases, past revolutions and revolutionary waves have inspired current ones, or an initial revolution has inspired other concurrent "affiliate revolutions" with similar aims. The causes of revolutionary waves have become the subjects of study by historians and political philosophers, including Robert Roswell Palmer, Crane Brinton, Hannah Arendt, Eric Hoffer, and Jacques Godechot.
Criticism of monarchyCriticism of monarchy has occurred since ancient times. It can be targeted against the general form of government—monarchy—or more specifically, to particular monarchical governments as controlled by hereditary royal families. In some cases, this criticism can be curtailed by legal restrictions and be considered criminal speech, as in lèse-majesté. Monarchies in Europe and their underlying concepts, such as the Divine Right of Kings, became increasingly criticized during the Age of Enlightenment, which notably paved the way to the French Revolution and the proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy in France.
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