Concept
Demand curve
Concepts associés (17)
Demand
In economics, demand is the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices during a given time. The relationship between price and quantity demand is also called the demand curve. Demand for a specific item is a function of an item's perceived necessity, price, perceived quality, convenience, available alternatives, purchasers' disposable income and tastes, and many other options. Innumerable factors and circumstances affect a consumer's willingness or to buy a good.
Law of demand
In microeconomics, the law of demand is a fundamental principle which states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. In other words, "conditional on all else being equal, as the price of a good increases (↑), quantity demanded will decrease (↓); conversely, as the price of a good decreases (↓), quantity demanded will increase (↑)". Alfred Marshall worded this as: "When we say that a person's demand for anything increases, we mean that he will buy more of it than he would before at the same price, and that he will buy as much of it as before at a higher price".
Price elasticity of demand
A good's price elasticity of demand (, PED) is a measure of how sensitive the quantity demanded is to its price. When the price rises, quantity demanded falls for almost any good, but it falls more for some than for others. The price elasticity gives the percentage change in quantity demanded when there is a one percent increase in price, holding everything else constant. If the elasticity is −2, that means a one percent price rise leads to a two percent decline in quantity demanded.
Substitute good
In microeconomics, two goods are substitutes if the products could be used for the same purpose by the consumers. That is, a consumer perceives both goods as similar or comparable, so that having more of one good causes the consumer to desire less of the other good. Contrary to complementary goods and independent goods, substitute goods may replace each other in use due to changing economic conditions. An example of substitute goods is Coca-Cola and Pepsi; the interchangeable aspect of these goods is due to the similarity of the purpose they serve, i.
Bien de Giffen
Un bien de Giffen est un concept d'économie qui désigne un bien dont la demande augmente avec la hausse de prix. Ce concept appartient à la microéconomie. Il porte le nom de l'économiste écossais Robert Giffen. Lorsque la demande d'un bien augmente avec l'augmentation de son prix, cela peut signifier que le bien en question est un bien de consommation essentiel. Lorsque son prix augmente, les agents économiques diminuent la part de leur revenu attribuée à d'autres biens pour consacrer une plus large part de leur budget à ce bien essentiel.
Effet Veblen
L’effet Veblen, ou effet de snobisme, a été mis en évidence par l’économiste et sociologue Thorstein Veblen, dans son ouvrage Théorie de la classe de loisir (1899). Dans le domaine des biens de luxe ou du moins ceux qui permettent une certaine distinction sociale, la baisse de prix de ces produits se traduit par une baisse de l'intérêt qu'ils présentent aux yeux de leurs acheteurs potentiels. De manière inverse, la hausse du prix d'un produit peut le rendre davantage désirable et le faire entrer dans la catégorie des biens dont la possession traduit un rang social élevé.
Complementary good
In economics, a complementary good is a good whose appeal increases with the popularity of its complement. Technically, it displays a negative cross elasticity of demand and that demand for it increases when the price of another good decreases. If is a complement to , an increase in the price of will result in a negative movement along the demand curve of and cause the demand curve for to shift inward; less of each good will be demanded.
Inferior good
In economics, an inferior good is a good whose demand decreases when consumer income rises (or demand increases when consumer income decreases), unlike normal goods, for which the opposite is observed. Normal goods are those goods for which the demand rises as consumer income rises. Inferiority, in this sense, is an observable fact relating to affordability rather than a statement about the quality of the good.
Surplus du consommateur
Le surplus du consommateur est la différence entre ce qu'un consommateur est prêt à payer pour un bien et le montant effectivement payé. Le surplus du consommateur est un concept élaboré par Dupuit pour le choix des travaux publics à effectuer. Prenons le cas d’un péage pour traverser un pont. Il y a des individus qui seraient prêts à payer davantage que ce prix pour traverser le pont. La différence entre le prix maximum qu’ils seraient prêts à payer et le prix payé représente le surplus du consommateur.
Comparative statics
In economics, comparative statics is the comparison of two different economic outcomes, before and after a change in some underlying exogenous parameter. As a type of static analysis it compares two different equilibrium states, after the process of adjustment (if any). It does not study the motion towards equilibrium, nor the process of the change itself. Comparative statics is commonly used to study changes in supply and demand when analyzing a single market, and to study changes in monetary or fiscal policy when analyzing the whole economy.