Enluminure | EPFL Graph Search

vignette|Sacramentaire de Drogon, initiale décorée « T » du Te igitur, 850. thumb|Enluminure d'une lettrine extraite du codex Gigas, . vignette|Alphabet enluminé dans le livre Heures de Charles d'Angoulême (). Une enluminure est une décoration exécutée à la main qui orne un manuscrit (du latin manus, « les mains » et scribere, « écrire »). Les techniques de l'imprimerie et de la gravure ont fait presque disparaître l'enluminure ; quelques livres imprimés en sont toutefois décorés. Le terme « enluminure » est souvent associé à celui de « miniature », qui désigne une illustration. L'enluminure tantôt se mêle au texte et tantôt s'en éloigne, au point même, parfois, de ne plus entretenir aucune relation avec lui. On peut établir différentes distinctions : scènes figurées, compositions décoratives, initiales ou lettrines historiées, signes divers. Le verbe latin illuminare (« éclairer », « illuminer ») a donné le mot français « enluminer ». Ce terme regroupe aujourd'hui l'ensemble des él

Electrical spinal cord stimulation protocols to regulate neurological functions after spinal cord injury

Salif Axel Komi

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-changing event. People who suffer from it lose their abilityto move normally and are subject to life-threatening symptoms. When the insult is not toosevere, partial recovery is possible. Otherwise, for severely affected people, the perspectives toever retrieve normal functions is almost non-existent. A critically important window to promoteplasticity is in the acute phase after the trauma (weeks to months). However, at this stage,people cannot take active part in rehabilitation programs due to their incapacity to activate theirlimbs and to the apparition of severe autonomic symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension.Hence, current activity-based treatments are of little help for this population. Consequently, SCIdramatically affects their autonomy and quality of life on the life-long term.Continuous Epidural Electrical Stimulation (EES) of the spinal cord has been proposed as amethod to reactivate dormant neural networks innervated below the site of injury. It enablesrobust control over locomotion and autonomic functions. In animal models of severe lesion,continuous EES promoted long lasting recovery of motor abilities when coupled with an intensivetraining. In human, its recent application indeed supported overground walking in chronicallyand severely injured people, but only showed limited plastic effects when compared to animals.Why? Recent advances support that continuous EES abolishes proprioceptive feedback thatis essential to promote recovery. Moreover, late treatment of severe injuries consistently fail apromoting recuperation of functions. Alternatively, over the last decade, our laboratory developeda spatio-temporally patterned approach to EES. In addition to restore fine control over motorfunctions, this technique avoids the caveats of continuous EES, and hypothetically opens a windowof opportunity for plasticity to happen. In this thesis, we propose a translation of this concept tohumans. We first demonstrate that spatio-temporal EES restores robust and versatile locomotorcontrol in people with chronic incomplete, though severe, SCI. Furthermore, the results supportan aptitude of this approach to promote long lasting recovery of functions without stimulationafter 5 months of intensive training. We then report on a patient-tailored technology, thatincludes personalized computational models enabling precise pre-operative planning strategies, anew electrode-lead and control softwares. This technology enables restoration of various motorfunctions in people with chronic and motor-complete injuries within few hours after beginningof therapy. Finally, we transfer this targeted approach to the control of blood pressure. Wedemonstrate that closed-loop stimulation protocols support a precise control over arterial bloodpressure in rodents, non-humane primates and humans with severe SCI submitted to challengingcardiovascular conditions. Combined, the results presented in this manuscript open a clinicallyrealistic perspective for the application of EES acutely after injury and to potentially promoterobust recovery in severe SCI.

EPFL2021

Guidance molecule SEMA3A restricts tumor growth by differentially regulating the proliferation of tumor-associated macrophages

Margarita Bartish, Michele De Palma, Mario Leonardo Squadrito, Tatjana Wallmann

Accumulation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) correlates with malignant progression, immune suppression and poor prognosis. In this study, we defined a critical role for the cell-surface guidance molecule SEMA3A in differential proliferative control of TAMs. Tumor cell-derived SEMA3A restricted the proliferation of pro-tumoral M2 macrophages but increased the proliferation of anti-tumoral M1, acting through the SEMA3A receptor neuropilin-1 (NP1). Expansion of M1 macrophages in vivo enhanced the recruitment and activation of NK cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells to tumors, inhibiting their growth. In human breast cancer specimens, we found that immunohistochemical levels of SEMA3A correlated with the expression of genes characteristic of M1 macrophages, CD8+ T cells and NK cells, while inversely correlating with established characters of malignancy. In summary, our results illuminate a mechanism whereby the TAM phenotype is controlled, and identify the cell surface molecule SEMA3A as a candidate for therapeutic targeting.

American Association for Cancer Research2016

Coherence management in lithography printing systems

Johana Bernasconi, Hans Peter Herzig, Toralf Scharf

In proximity lithography, interference and diffraction effects arise when printing small features because of the proximity gap. Different techniques are used in order to control and take advantage of theses effects. In this paper, the focus is set on the MO Exposure Optics developed to shape the angular spectrum of the exposure light. The MO Exposure Optics contains several elements including microlens arrays that have certain symmetry and sampling. The MO Exposure Optics allows to set the angle of illumination and can be used to define spatial coherence. We study here in detail the influence of different illumination settings on optical proximity correction (OPC) structures. We apply this concept for the first time to a LED illumination. The propagation of light after an optical proximity correction structure is measured by recording aerial images over a distance of up to 60 pm behind the mask with a high resolution microscope setup.(1) As an example structure, we investigate here an optical proximity correction structure that is intended to make the edge of a line sharper. Using illumination filter plates that limit the angle of illumination and increase the coherence lead to pronounced interference effects in aerial images as expected. But special settings of the illumination allow to achieve comparable results with much larger illumination angles and higher throughput. We will show examples and analyze the results.

Spie-Int Soc Optical Engineering2016

Electrical spinal cord stimulation protocols to regulate neurological functions after spinal cord injury

Salif Axel Komi

EPFL2021