Génération (sciences sociales)

Résumé

vignette|redresse|Rupture entre les générations (Oran, Algérie, 2015). La génération est un concept en sciences sociales utilisé en démographie pour désigner une sous-population dont les membres, ayant à peu près le même âge ou ayant vécu à la même époque historique, partagent un certain nombre de pratiques et de représentations du fait de ce même âge ou de cette même appartenance à une époque. Définitions Concept général Au début du , Wilhelm Dilthey définit la génération de la manière suivante : La durée d’une génération humaine correspond généralement au cycle de renouvellement d’une population adulte apte à se reproduire, à savoir environ 25 ans. Selon Hérodote trois générations valent cent ans. La sociologie historique des générations a trouvé une première élaboration théorique avec Karl Mannheim (1893-1947). Celui-ci les définissait comme des sous-ensembles, s’opposant par leur orientation politico-idéologique, représentées par des «groupes concrets

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration_(sciences_sociales)

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Chargement

The city transforms: changing perceptions of urban identity

Stephen Diskin

The city in the twenty-first century is in the midst of dramatic changes, and yet many have yet to fully manifest themselves, still concealed in technology and distributed enough to escape general understanding within the existing context of built form. Technology may be outpacing urban architectural theory, and large populations (primarily the young generation who are growing up with computers and mobile phones) are altering the identity, use and ultimately the form of cities. What is this changing identity? The present thesis asserts that if the "first generation" of cities was characterized by built forms and spaces, and the "second generation" defined by mobility, then the "third generation" of cities will certainly be "hyperdynamic", that is, technological, dematerialized, unprogrammed, emergent, adaptable and virtual, if they are to serve the needs and behaviors of their inhabitants. A theory of these three generations coexisting, much like archaeological strata, in the form of three conceptual urban layers is presented, along with consideration of the possible relationships between them. A case study set in the city of Ljubljana highlights emerging changes in the perception of the city and focuses specifically on the Path of Remembrance and Comradeship, a unique urban feature set against the background of Ljubljana's history, technologies and ways of thinking about cities. The case study forms a basis for talking about future trends and the potential for an expanded lexicon of urban dynamics.

EPFL2008

Chargement

Evaluation of oxidation-sensitive polymersomes as vaccine nanocarriers to enhance humoral responses against arenavirus envelope glycoproteins

Clara Galan Navarro

Vaccines currently represent one of the most effective means to control and prevent infectious diseases affecting humans and animals and have dramatically improved public health, quality of life, and life expectancy. Over the last years several conceptual and technological advances in the field of bioengineering and immunology have allowed the development of new vaccines designs. Expanding novel domains such as structural biology, human monoclonal antibody isolation, high throughput sequencing, and design of new nanocarrier delivery platforms have changed the landscape of vaccinology. These new vaccine formulations allow the design of tailor-made antigens and particulate vehicles which allow better and fine-tuned protective immune responses against known and newly emerging pathogens. Over the past decades emerging human pathogens with the potential to cause severe epidemics have become a major public health problem. The last Ebola and Zika virus epidemics demonstrated in a dramatic manner that there is an urgent need to develop prophylactic and therapeutic approaches against pathogenic emerging viruses. Most successful vaccines rely on attenuated live microorganisms to induce protective immunity. However, changed demographics and associated safety concerns makes the development of a safer alternative a priority. Subunit vaccines composed of microbial components and proteins have emerged as a suitable alternative, however they are generally less immunogenic. To address this problematic our laboratory works on the development of immunization platforms which allow 1) the development of safe recombinant subunit vaccines and 2) the rapid generation of specific monoclonal antibodies using biosynthetic immunogens without the need for prior isolation and culture of the agent. The approach evaluated in the present studies is based on a novel polymersome (PS) platform serving as nanocarrier for efficient antigen delivery and the induction of humoral immunity. The potential of PS was assessed in the context of two important human emerging pathogens form the arenavirus family that cause severe hemorrhagic fevers and of which there are neither FDA-approved vaccines not prophylactic treatments: Lassa virus (LASV), endemic in Western Africa, and Machupo virus (MACV), the causative agent of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever. In a first part, we evaluated the PS platformâs capacity to enhance humoral immunity against the envelope glycoprotein 1 of LASV, (LASV GP1) that is notorious for its weak immunogenicity and poor antibody response. Immunization of mice with adjuvanted PS (LASV GP1) enhanced the quality of the humoral response to LASV GP1, eliciting antibodies with higher binding affinity to virion GP1, increased levels of polyfunctional anti-viral CD4 T cells, and the frequency of IgG-secreting B cells. PS (LASV GP1) elicited a more diverse epitope repertoire of anti-viral IgG. In a second part, we employed the PS platform in combination with single cell B cell sorting and cloning of recombinant IgG to generate a first set of species-specific mAbs against MACV. These new mAbs show exquisite specificity and negligible cross-reactivity to closely related arenaviruses in relevant techniques making them a unique and powerful tool for research and diagnostics purposes.

EPFL2017

Chargement

Asymmetric cell division is essential for the generation of diversity during development and the function of stem cell lineages. The Caenorhabditis elegans zygote is an attractive model to investigate the mechanisms of spindle positioning during asymmetric cell division. In this polarized cell, the asymmetric distribution of cortical force generators along the antero-posterior axis and pulling on astral microtubules leads to the unequal cleavage of the one-cell embryo. The mechanisms underlying such cortical force generation are thought to act strictly at the protein level. In this thesis work we report that the mRNA encoding the cortical force generator component LIN-5 is enriched around centrosomes in early embryos, in a manner that depends on microtubules and dynein. We established that the lin-5 coding sequence is necessary and sufficient for mRNA enrichment around centrosomes in C. elegans. In addition, we found that lin-5 mRNA is mislocalized in lin-5(ev571) mutant embryos, which harbor a 9 nucleotide insertion in the coding sequence. Moreover, an intragenic revertant of lin-5(ev571), lin-5(ev571he63), also exhibits mislocalized lin-5 mRNA distribution. We demonstrated that this is accompanied by diminished pulling forces on the posterior spindle pole, suggesting that centrosomal localization of lin-5 mRNA is important for robust pulling forces. We found also that lin-5 mRNA centrosomal enrichment is slightly asymmetric during anaphase, with more transcripts present on the anterior side. We developed a novel FRAP-based assay, which revealed that lin-5 is translated/folded preferentially in the cytoplasm compared to centrosomes. Furthermore, we found that morpholino-mediated inhibition of lin-5 translation diminishes pulling forces on the posterior side during anaphase. Together, these findings lead us to propose that preferential translation/folding of lin-5 in the posterior cytoplasm following release of the mRNA from the posterior centrosome contributes to asymmetric cortical distribution of force generators, and thus to proper spindle positioning. Moreover, we found that the mRNA of an uncharacterized gene, era-1 is enriched on the anterior side of the zygote and is inherited by the anterior blastomeres. Similar to era-1 mRNA, a YFP fusion of ERA-1 protein is also asymmetrically distributed. Moreover, asymmetric distribution of both era-1 mRNA and YFP-ERA-1 protein requires the era-1 3'UTR. Furthermore, the RNA-binding protein MEX-5 is needed for both asymmetric era-1 mRNA localization and for its translational activation. Furthermore, we report that the clathrin heavy chain CHC-1 negatively regulates pulling forces acting on centrosomes during interphase and on spindle poles during mitosis in one-cell C. elegans embryos. We establish a similar role for the cytokinesis/apoptosis/RNA-binding protein CAR-1 and uncover that CAR-1 is needed to maintain normal levels of CHC-1. We demonstrate that CHC-1 is necessary for proper organization of the cortical acto-myosin network and for full cortical tension. Furthermore, we establish that the centrosome positioning phenotype of embryos depleted of CHC-1 is alleviated by stabilizing the acto-myosin network. Conversely, we demonstrate that slight perturbations of the acto-myosin network results in excess centrosome movements. Overall, our findings lead us to propose that clathrin plays a critical role in centrosome positioning by promoting acto-myosin cortical tension.

EPFL2014

Chargement

Evaluation of oxidation-sensitive polymersomes as vaccine nanocarriers to enhance humoral responses against arenavirus envelope glycoproteins

Clara Galan Navarro

EPFL2017

EPFL2014