Production d'électricité

Résumé

La production d'électricité est essentiellement un secteur industriel qui approvisionne en énergie électrique les fournisseurs d'électricité. Ceux-ci la livrent ensuite aux consommateurs en utilisant les réseaux de transport et de distribution. La production d'électricité est réalisée depuis la fin du dans des centrales électriques. Les centrales transforment des énergies primaires, généralement grâce à des générateurs électriques entraînés soit par une machine thermique alimentée en combustible fossile (charbon, gaz naturel ou pétrole), en combustible organique (biomasse, déchets), en énergie nucléaire ou en énergie géothermique, soit directement par l'énergie mécanique hydroélectrique ou éolienne ou par l'énergie solaire. La part de l'électricité dans la consommation finale d'énergie mondiale s'élevait à 20,5 % en 2020. La production mondiale d'électricité était issue en 2020 des combustibles fossiles pour 61,3 %, du nucléaire pour 10,0 % et des énergies renouvelables pour 28,3

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_d'%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9

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Contribution to the active generator principle for high power electric supply

Massimiliano Visintin

In recent years the use of solid state frequency converters is rapidly increasing in the industrial and power plants where electric machines are installed, since it allows variable speed operations for the electric system, thus becoming a key factor which is capable of increasing the overall efficiency, as well as the global plant flexibility. The benefits that can be reached when electric motors are under investigation can be so enticing, in particular from the perspective of the operating machine coupled to the motor, that drawbacks take a back seat and can be overcome. On the contrary, power electronic for variable speed is generally not used in power generation, since the gains brought out by the present technology are not sufficient to attract anyone's interest. There are some exceptions in the wind- and the hydro power plant businesses, where there are some cases of variable speed already introduced. However in the former applications the output power is limited to some MW, while in the latter the converter is sized only to a fraction of the whole generating power, since it feeds the machine's rotor.This dissertation investigates on a possible electronic converter for power generation in the 40 MW range and above, which is also attracting from both the cost's and the efficiency's point of view, as well as from the operation reliability perspective and thus may be proposed as a breakthrough in this field. Among the possible frequency converters, those ones have been selected which perform natural commutations only, i.e. those that employ thyristors as the semiconductor devices, since the efficiency, the robustness and the relatively high performances are actually the key success factors to be addressed from the beginning. Well known matrix converter topologies will be referred to, as well as new matrix converter arrangements will be brought out and analyzed: their behaviours will be targeted by the dissertation, in particular when different strategies are adopted for controlling the operations. Specifically comparisons will be carried out when the same converter topology is used, but driven by either the well-known cycloconverter strategy or the newly brought out "active generator" one. In addition several generator winding arrangements will be proposed and analyzed, with the aim of increasing the actual feasibility of the proposed solution. Finally some test results on a sized down experimental rig will be analyzed and compared to the simulation outcomes.

EPFL2006

Chargement

Evaluation of a Combined Cycle Setup for Solar Tower Power Plants

James Spelling

As our awareness of the dangers of global climate change grows, the development of new renewable energy technologies is of primary importance in the effort to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Rapid increases in the price of oil and worries about the stability and security of the extraction of fossil fuels have lead to renewed interest in the development of local energy sources, thereby reducing dependence on foreign sources. Amid the plethora of option available, one of the more promising solutions is the increased use of concentrating solar thermal power. Solar thermal power generation shows great potential for supplying the base electricity needs of numerous countries in the sun-belt regions, stretching from the tropics to the Mediterranean. This has lead to a recent renewal in the development of such systems, most notably with the construction of the PS10 and PS20 central receiver power plants in Spain. However, all currently existing solar thermal power plants have been based around the use of Rankine or steam turbine cycles, which are limited in the efficiencies they can achieve. In order to make better use of the Sun’s energy, higher efficiency cycles should be used. Recent developments in the field of high temperature solar receivers [13] have made it possible to imagine the use of solar thermal energy to drive gas turbine units, potentially allowing the use of combined cycle setups in solar thermal power plants. In order to evaluate the potential improvement in efficiency that can be achieved by using combined cycles in solar thermal power plants, a detailed simulation of such a setup will be performed. By taking into account the requirements of thermal energy storage and the design of the necessary heat exchangers, an objective evaluation of the performance of the combined cycle can be obtained. As a key element in the energy conversion process, particular attention will be given to the modelling and simulation of the high temperature receiver. Due to the highly variable nature of the solar flux, the performance of the receiver will be evaluated over a range of operating points. In order to obtain a detailed breakdown of the sources of losses and irreversibilities within the system, a complete exergy balance will be performed on the power plant. Combined with the standard energy balance, this analysis will allow identification of the key areas for improvement in the design of solar thermal power plants. Finally, in order to determine whether such a setup is economically viable, the construction, operation and maintenance costs will be evaluated in order to predict the levelised energy cost associated with electricity production in a combined cycle plant.

2008

Chargement

Mixing of fresh (river) water and salty water (seawater or saline brine) in a control fashion would produces an electrical energy known as salinity gradient energy (SGE). Two main conversion technologies of SGE are membrane-based processes; pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis (RED). In PRO, semipermeable membranes placed between the two streams of solutions allow the transport of water from low-pressure diluted solution to high-pressure concentrated solution. RED requires two alternating semipermeable membranes that allow the diffusion of the ions but not the flow of H2O. Lifetime and power density of the semipermeable membrane are two main factors affecting on deployment of PRO and RED. Semipermeable membranes with lifetime greater than 10 years and power density higher than 5 W/m(2) would lead to faster development of this conversion technology. An exergy analysis of an SGE system of sea-river can be applied to calculate the maximum potential power for electricity generation. Seawater is taken as reference environment (global dead state) for calculating the exergy of water since the seawater is the final reservoir. Once the fresh water is mixed with water of the sea or lake it becomes unuseful for human, agricultural or industrial uses loses all its exergy. Aqueous sodium chloride solution model is used in this study to calculate the thermodynamic properties of seawater. This model does not consider seawater as an ideal model and provides accurate thermodynamics properties of sodium chloride solution. As a case study, exergy calculation of Iran's Urmia Lake- GadarChay River system. The chemical exergy analysis considers sodium chloride (NaCl) as main salt in the water of Lake Urmia. The sodium chloride concentration is more than 200 g/L in recent years. Based on the exergy results the potential power of this system is 329 MW. This results indicates a high potential for constructing power plant for salinity gradient energy conversion.

Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers2016

Chargement

Evaluation of a Combined Cycle Setup for Solar Tower Power Plants

James Spelling

2008

Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers2016

Contribution to the active generator principle for high power electric supply

Massimiliano Visintin

EPFL2006