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Nerve injury is an injury to nervous tissue. There is no single classification system that can describe all the many variations of nerve injuries. In 1941, Seddon introduced a classification of nerve injuries based on three main types of nerve fiber injury and whether there is continuity of the nerve. Usually, however, peripheral nerve injuries are classified in five stages, based on the extent of damage to both the nerve and the surrounding connective tissue, since supporting glial cells may be involved. Unlike in the central nervous system, neuroregeneration in the peripheral nervous system is possible. The processes that occur in peripheral regeneration can be divided into the following major events: Wallerian degeneration, axon regeneration/growth, and reinnervation of nervous tissue. The events that occur in peripheral regeneration occur with respect to the axis of the nerve injury. The proximal stump refers to the end of the injured neuron that is still attached to the neuron cell body; it is the part that regenerates. The distal stump refers to the end of the injured neuron that is still attached to the end of the axon; it is the part of the neuron that will degenerate, but the stump remains capable of regenerating its axons. The study of peripheral nerve injury began during the American Civil War and greatly expanded during modern medicine with such advances as use of growth-promoting molecules. To assess the location and severity of a peripheral nerve injury, clinical assessment is commonly combined with electrodiagnostic tests. Injuries to the myelin are usually the least severe (neuropraxia), while injuries to the axons and supporting structures are more severe (axonotmesis is moderate injury, while neurotmesis is severe injury). It may be difficult to differentiate the severity by clinical findings due to common neurological impairments, including motor and sensory impairments distal to the lesion. Neurapraxia is the least severe form of nerve injury, with complete recovery.

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Neurotmesis

Neurotmesis (in Greek tmesis signifies "to cut") is part of Seddon's classification scheme used to classify nerve damage. It is the most serious nerve injury in the scheme. In this type of injury, both the nerve and the nerve sheath are disrupted. While partial recovery may occur, complete recovery is impossible. Symptoms of neurotmesis include but are not limited to pain, dysesthesias (uncomfortable sensations), and complete loss of sensory and motor function of the affected nerve.

Axonotmésis

C’est une blessure du nerf, provoquée par la compression ou le cisaillement. Il n'existe aucun système individuel de classification d'un axonotmesis (ou blessure des nerfs). La plupart des systèmes tentent de juger le degré d'une blessure par ces symptômes, son pronostic et sa pathologie. En 1941, Seddon intronise une classification des axonotmésis basés sur trois principaux types de blessure des fibres nerveuses et s'il y a continuité des nerfs. Il survient notamment en cas de compression sous plâtre : c'

Neurapraxie

La neurapraxie est une interruption de la conduction nerveuse sur le trajet d'un axone, sans qu'il y ait lésion de ce dernier. Elle se traduit cliniquement par un déficit de fonction, le plus souvent transitoire, se traduisant sur le plan électrophysiologique par un bloc de conduction nerveuse. Sur le plan histopathologique, elle s'accompagne parfois d'une altération morphologique de la gaine de myéline ou d'une démyélinisation segmentaire.

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