Electric light

An electric light, lamp, or light bulb is an electrical component that produces light. It is the most common form of artificial lighting. Lamps usually have a base made of ceramic, metal, glass, or plastic, which secures the lamp in the socket of a light fixture, which is often called a "lamp" as well. The electrical connection to the socket may be made with a screw-thread base, two metal pins, two metal caps or a bayonet mount. The three main categories of electric lights are incandescent lamps, which produce light by a filament heated white-hot by electric current, gas-discharge lamps, which produce light by means of an electric arc through a gas, such as fluorescent lamps, and LED lamps, which produce light by a flow of electrons across a band gap in a semiconductor. Before electric lighting became common in the early 20th century, people used candles, gas lights, oil lamps, and fires. Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov developed the first persistent electric arc in 1802, and English c

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Toward an Integrated Platform for Energy Efficient Lighting Control of Non-Residential Buildings

Laurent Deschamps, Ali Motamed, Jean-Louis Scartezzini

Net energy import of Switzerland corresponds to about 13 BCHF (petroleum, uranium, etc.) each year. According to the energy perspective 2035 defined by Swiss Federal Office Energy, the energy import should be reduced to 7.3 BCHF. Meeting the goals defined by this perspective can be envisaged by mitigating the energy demand of buildings since the built environment consumes 40% of the total primary energy. In Switzerland; 20 % of the buildings’ energy consumption is moreover related to electric lighting. Therein, integrated building automation technologies, such as automatic regulation of sun shadings and electric lighting can play an important role in reducing lighting energy demand while maintaining user comfort. For this purpose, a rapid, reliable, accurate evaluation of the lighting conditions in a building is essential. In this paper, a control platform installed in two offices of the LESO experimental building on the EPFL campus in Lausanne, Switzerland is presented. This data acquisition and actuation platform hosts two motorized sun shadings per office, a dimmable lighting system, a presence detector, energy meters, ceiling mounted luminance-meters and two novel High Dynamic Range (HDR) vision sensors. A sample controller is implemented in the platform to evaluate its robustness and performance. This platform is currently ready for integrating novel controllers for testing several energy efficient control scenarios/algorithms.

vdf Hochschulverlag AG ETH Zurich2016

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On-site monitoring and subjective comfort assessment of a sun shadings and electric lighting controller based on novel High Dynamic Range vision sensors

Laurent Deschamps, Ali Motamed, Jean-Louis Scartezzini

Electric lighting is responsible of about one fifth of the electricity demand of buildings in Switzerland. Therein, integrated control of sun shadings and artificial lighting can mitigate the electricity demand while maintaining the user comfort and performance. However, the drawback of the existing smart building technologies is that they do not take visual comfort effectively into account, one of the essential aspects of indoor human comfort. An ‘on-the-fly’ measurement of a visual comfort index, Daylight Glare Probability (DGP), by a novel High Dynamic Range (HDR) vision sensor was introduced into the building control system optimizing the sun shadings position and electric lighting status. Two identical office rooms (reference and advance) of the LESO solar experimental building were occupied by 30 human subjects during 15 afternoons and were used to experimentally compare the performance and users acceptance of the fuzzy logic based control system against a best practice reference system. A paper-based and a computer-based visual tests, subjective self-reported visual comfort surveys and precise monitoring of the electric lighting consumptions were carried out. The results indicates that the electricity demand of the advanced system is 32% lower than the reference one. It also shows that, while the subjects’ visual performance remain comparable in the two office rooms, the advanced control system is successful in preventing discomfort glare sensations.

Elsevier2017

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Self-commissioning glare-based control system for integrated venetian blind and electric lighting

Laurent Deschamps, Ali Motamed, Jean-Louis Scartezzini

Rule-based control logics have proven to be efficient for automation of shading and lighting systems. However, successful commissioning of these systems for multiple stores non-residential buildings, regardless of the control logic, requires time-consuming programing and fine-tuning of numerous parameters. In this article, a control approach is suggested to overcome the limitations of the rule-based control systems: i) necessity for extensive information on the office room, ii) costly adaptation of control parameters to a new environment, and iii) no feedback to the control system in the case of mal-function. A novel self-commissioning approach is proposed: a set of open-loop geometry-based rules are enhanced with a supervised learning module for fine-tuning seven tunable parameters. This approach was validated through an in-situ experiment for 22 days in a daylight testbed equipped with internal venetian blinds, dimmable electric lighting system, a miniaturized accurate High Dynamic Range vision sensor to evaluate Daylight Glare Probability (DGP), horizontal illuminance meters and a pyranometer. The goal was to command the shading and electric lighting system to keep the DGP and horizontal illuminance in a predefined visual comfort zone. A novel visualization method is proposed to demonstrate the performance of the automatic system in leading the indoor environment to the visual comfort zone. After 11 days, the learning module reached the convergence state. Afterwards, the controller was capable of successfully confining the indoor illumination conditions to the visual comfort zone for 96% of the working hours while actuating the shading system efficiently; on average 2.54 times a day.

2020

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MICRO-561: Biomicroscopy I

Introduction to geometrical and wave optics for understanding the principles of optical microscopes, their advantages and limitations. Describing the basic microscopy components and the commonly used biomicrocopy methods such as widefield and fluorescence.

AR-442: Comfort and architecture: sustainable strategies

This class offers an overview about comfort evaluations in architectural design and suggests passive and low-energy strategies suited to ensure the highest possible indoor environment quality for buildings.

MICRO-562: Biomicroscopy II

Introduction to the different contrast enhancing methods in optical microscopy. Basic hands-on experience with optical microscopes at EPFL's BioImaging and Optics Facility. How to investigate biological samples? How to obtain high quality images?

Lampe à incandescence

vignette|upright=0.75|Lampe à incandescence classique Une lampe à incandescence, ou ampoule à incandescence par métonymie, est un luminaire électrique qui éclaire en portant à incandescence par effet

Éclairage

Léclairage est l'ensemble des moyens qui permettent à l'homme de doter son environnement des conditions de luminosité qu'il estime nécessaires à son activité ou son agrément. L'éclairage associe u

Diode électroluminescente