Cladoselache is an extinct genus of shark-like chondrichthyan (cartilaginous fish) from the Late Devonian (Famennian) of North America. It was similar in body shape to modern lamnid sharks (such as mako sharks and the great white shark), but was not closely related to lamnids or to any other modern (selachian) shark. As an early chondrichthyan, it had yet to evolve traits of modern sharks such as accelerated tooth replacement, a loose jaw suspension, enameloid teeth, and possibly claspers.
Some 20th century studies considered Cladoselache to be a basal (early-diverging) member of Elasmbobranchii, the fork of cartilaginous fish which leads to modern sharks and rays. More recent studies have identified distinctive traits of the chondrocranium (cartilaginous braincase), dorsal fin spines, and pectoral fin bases. These newly identified features support a close relationship to symmoriiforms, a small group of bizarre chondrichthyans such as the bristle-spined Stethacanthus. Cladoselache and symmoriiforms may be more closely related to chimaeras (a modern group of unusual deep-sea fish) than to true sharks and rays.
Growing to several meters in length, Cladoselache is considered to have been a fast-moving and fairly agile marine predator due to its streamlined body and deeply forked tail. From both an anatomical and historical perspective, is one of the best known of the early chondrichthyans in part due to an abundance of well-preserved fossils, discovered in the Cleveland Shale on the south shore of Lake Erie. In addition to the cartilaginous skeleton, the fossils were so well preserved that they included traces of skin, muscle fibers, and internal organs, such as the kidneys.
The anatomy of Cladoselache shows a mixture of derived and ancestral characteristics. The skeleton is composed of tessellated cartilage, a complex tissue unique to chondrichthyans. Tessellated cartilage combines flexible cartilage fibers with a loose mosaic of irregular calcified plates, known as tesserae.
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thumb|right|300px|Schéma d'un Téléostéen (majorité des poissons actuels, osseux à nageoires rayonnées), le Lampanyctodes hectoris1 opercule2 ligne latérale3 nageoire dorsale4 nageoire molle ou adipeuse5 pédoncule caudal ou queue6 nageoire caudale7 nageoire anale8 photophores9 nageoire ventrale ou pelvienne (par paire)10 nageoire pectorale (par paire). Une nageoire est un membre ou un appendice en général large et plat issu d'un repli cutané, permettant le mouvement et le soutien dans le milieu aquatique.
A fish scale is a small rigid plate that grows out of the skin of a fish. The skin of most jawed fishes is covered with these protective scales, which can also provide effective camouflage through the use of reflection and colouration, as well as possible hydrodynamic advantages. The term scale derives from the Old French escale, meaning a shell pod or husk. Scales vary enormously in size, shape, structure, and extent, ranging from strong and rigid armour plates in fishes such as shrimpfishes and boxfishes, to microscopic or absent in fishes such as eels and anglerfishes.
La ligne latérale est un organe mécanosensoriel présent chez les poissons ainsi que chez certains anoures. Elle jouerait un rôle plus important chez les poissons vivant dans l'obscurité, les eaux turbides ou chez les espèces cavernicoles (qui sont parfois aveugles ou du moins dont le sens de la vue a régressé). Le nombre des écailles présentes sur la ligne latérale est l'un des critères de reconnaissance d'espèce ou d'étude de certaines variations intraspécifiques. Les fonctions de cette ligne ont notamment été étudiées par P.
In vertebrates, face and throat structures, such as jaw, hyoid and thyroid cartilages develop from a rostrocaudal metameric series of pharyngeal arches, colonized by cranial neural crest cells (NCCs). Colinear Hox gene expression patterns underlie arch spe ...