A flammable material is something that can burn (i.e., sustain a flame) in air under certain conditions. A material is flammable if it ignites easily at ambient temperatures. In other words, a combustible material ignites with some effort and a flammable material catches fire immediately on exposure to flame.
The degree of flammability in air depends largely upon the volatility of the material - this is related to its composition-specific vapour pressure, which is temperature dependent. The quantity of vapour produced can be enhanced by increasing the surface area of the material forming a mist or dust. Take wood as an example. Finely divided wood dust can undergo explosive flames and produce a blast wave. A piece of paper (made from wood) catches on fire quite easily. A heavy oak desk is much harder to ignite, even though the wood fibre is the same in all three materials.
Common sense (and indeed scientific consensus until the mid-1700s) would seem to suggest that material "disappears" when burned, as only the ash is left. In fact, there is an increase in weight because the flammable material reacts (or combines) chemically with oxygen, which also has mass. The original mass of flammable material and the mass of the oxygen required for flames equals the mass of the flame products (ash, water, carbon dioxide, and other gases). Antoine Lavoisier, one of the pioneers in these early insights, stated that Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed, which would later be known as the law of conservation of mass. Lavoisier used the experimental fact that some metals gained mass when they burned to support his ideas.
Historically, flammable, inflammable and combustible meant capable of burning. The word "inflammable" came through French from the Latin inflammāre = "to set fire to," where the Latin preposition "in-" means "in" as in "indoctrinate", rather than "not" as in "invisible" and "ineligible".
The word "inflammable" may be erroneously thought to mean "non-flammable".
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Le méthane est un composé chimique de formule chimique , découvert et isolé par Alessandro Volta entre 1776 et 1778. C'est l'hydrocarbure le plus simple et le premier terme de la famille des alcanes. Comme fluide frigorigène, il porte la dénomination « R50 » dans la nomenclature des réfrigérants, régie par la d'ANSI/ASHRAE. Assez abondant dans le milieu naturel, le méthane est un combustible à fort potentiel.
La prévention incendie est un domaine de la lutte contre l'incendie visant à déterminer les mesures minimales destinées à : prévenir la naissance, le développement et la propagation d'un incendie. assurer la sécurité des personnes. faciliter l’intervention des services de secours, dont les pompiers. La responsabilité de l’application des normes de prévention incendie varie selon les pays. Les normes sont définies par arrêté royal et il incombe aux régions de les faire appliquer.
Fire safety is the set of practices intended to reduce destruction caused by fire. Fire safety measures include those that are intended to prevent the ignition of an uncontrolled fire and those that are used to limit the spread and impact of a fire. Fire safety measures include those that are planned during the construction of a building or implemented in structures that are already standing and those that are taught or provided to occupants of the building. Threats to fire safety are commonly referred to as fire hazards.
Couvre la conception et la sélection des fluides de travail pour le chauffage, le refroidissement et la production d'énergie, en soulignant l'importance d'équilibrer la performance, la sécurité et la durabilité.
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EPFL2016
High temperature heat pumps (HTHPs) with heat sink temperatures in the range of 100 to 160°C are expected to become increasingly commercialized in the coming years. Major applications have been identified, particularly in the food, paper, metal and chemica ...