UrbanismUrbanism is the study of how inhabitants of urban areas, such as towns and cities, interact with the built environment. It is a direct component of disciplines such as urban planning, a profession focusing on the design and management of urban areas, and urban sociology, an academic field which studies urban life. Many architects, planners, geographers, and sociologists investigate the way people live in densely populated urban areas. There is a wide variety of different theories and approaches to the study of urbanism.
Sustainable urbanismSustainable urbanism is both the study of cities and the practices to build them (urbanism), that focuses on promoting their long term viability by reducing consumption, waste and harmful impacts on people and place while enhancing the overall well-being of both people and place. Well-being includes the physical, ecological, economic, social, health and equity factors, among others, that comprise cities and their populations.
Nouvel urbanismevignette|L'exemple de la ville de Celebration (Floride) qui s'est appuyé sur ce courant pour se développer. Le nouvel urbanisme, ou néo-urbanisme, est un courant urbanistique fondé sur la réduction de la place de la voiture. Né d'abord aux États-Unis d’Amérique en réaction à l'étalement urbain, il connaît une certaine faveur depuis les années 1980 sous la houlette de l'architecte Andres Duany. Comme l'urbanisme néo-traditionnel, il reprend les principes traditionnels de l'urbanisme et de la morphologie urbaine, mais s'en distingue en s'abstenant d'inviter à reproduire des styles architecturaux traditionnels.
Doctor of PhilosophyA Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: philosophiae doctor or doctor philosophiae) is the most common degree at the highest academic level, awarded following a course of study and research. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Because it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a dissertation, and defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field.
Candidat ès sciencesvignette|Pochette du diplôme. Le titre de candidat ès sciences (en кандидат наук, kandidat naouk) est un grade de l'enseignement supérieur d'origine soviétique et largement repris dans les autres pays de l'ancien bloc de l'Est, qui l'ont depuis abandonné. Il est toujours utilisé en Russie. Correspondant globalement à un doctorat français ou un PhD anglo-saxon, il récompense un travail de recherche primaire dans un domaine scientifique.
