Quantum information science is a field that combines the principles of quantum mechanics with information science to study the processing, analysis, and transmission of information. It covers both theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum physics, including the limits of what can be achieved with quantum information. The term quantum information theory is sometimes used, but it does not include experimental research and can be confused with a subfield of quantum information science that deals with the processing of quantum information.
Quantum programming is the process of designing or assembling sequences of instructions, called quantum circuits, using gates, switches, and operators to manipulate a quantum system for a desired outcome or results of a given experiment. Quantum circuit algorithms can be implemented on integrated circuits, conducted with instrumentation, or written in a programming language for use with a quantum computer or a quantum processor. With quantum processor based systems, quantum programming languages help express quantum algorithms using high-level constructs.
Quantum networks form an important element of quantum computing and quantum communication systems. Quantum networks facilitate the transmission of information in the form of quantum bits, also called qubits, between physically separated quantum processors. A quantum processor is a small quantum computer being able to perform quantum logic gates on a certain number of qubits. Quantum networks work in a similar way to classical networks. The main difference is that quantum networking, like quantum computing, is better at solving certain problems, such as modeling quantum systems.
The one-way or measurement-based quantum computer (MBQC) is a method of quantum computing that first prepares an entangled resource state, usually a cluster state or graph state, then performs single qubit measurements on it. It is "one-way" because the resource state is destroyed by the measurements. The outcome of each individual measurement is random, but they are related in such a way that the computation always succeeds.
L'état d'un système physique décrit tous les aspects de ce système, dans le but de prévoir les résultats des expériences que l'on peut réaliser. Le fait que la mécanique quantique soit non déterministe entraîne une différence fondamentale par rapport à la description faite en mécanique classique : alors qu'en physique classique, l'état du système détermine de manière absolue les résultats de mesure des grandeurs physiques, une telle chose est impossible en physique quantique et la connaissance de l'état permet seulement de prévoir, de façon toutefois parfaitement reproductible, les probabilités respectives des différents résultats qui peuvent être obtenus à la suite de la réduction du paquet d'onde lors de la mesure d'un système quantique.
