Surface (topology)In the part of mathematics referred to as topology, a surface is a two-dimensional manifold. Some surfaces arise as the boundaries of three-dimensional solid figures; for example, the sphere is the boundary of the solid ball. Other surfaces arise as graphs of functions of two variables; see the figure at right. However, surfaces can also be defined abstractly, without reference to any ambient space. For example, the Klein bottle is a surface that cannot be embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space.
Graph structure theoremIn mathematics, the graph structure theorem is a major result in the area of graph theory. The result establishes a deep and fundamental connection between the theory of graph minors and topological embeddings. The theorem is stated in the seventeenth of a series of 23 papers by Neil Robertson and Paul Seymour. Its proof is very long and involved. and are surveys accessible to nonspecialists, describing the theorem and its consequences. A minor of a graph G is any graph H that is isomorphic to a graph that can be obtained from a subgraph of G by contracting some edges.
Parametric equationIn mathematics, a parametric equation defines a group of quantities as functions of one or more independent variables called parameters. Parametric equations are commonly used to express the coordinates of the points that make up a geometric object such as a curve or surface, called parametric curve and parametric surface, respectively. In such cases, the equations are collectively called a parametric representation, or parametric system, or parameterization (alternatively spelled as parametrisation) of the object.
Sphèrevignette|Rendu en fil de fer d'une sphère dans un espace euclidien. En géométrie dans l'espace, une sphère est une surface constituée de tous les points situés à une même distance d'un point appelé centre. La valeur de cette distance au centre est le rayon de la sphère. La géométrie sphérique est la science qui étudie les propriétés des sphères. La surface de la Terre peut, en première approximation, être modélisée par une sphère dont le rayon est d'environ .
Graphe cubiqueEn théorie des graphes, une branche des mathématiques, un graphe cubique est un graphe régulier de degré 3. En d'autres termes, c'est un graphe dans lequel il y a exactement trois arêtes incidentes à chaque sommet. Le graphe complet K4 est le plus petit graphe cubique. Le graphe biparti complet K3,3 est le plus petit graphe cubique non-planaire. Le graphe de Petersen est le plus petit graphe cubique de maille 5. Le graphe de Heawood est le plus petit graphe cubique de maille 6.
