Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels. Most of this pressure results from the heart pumping blood through the circulatory system. When used without qualification, the term "blood pressure" refers to the pressure in a brachial artery, where it is most commonly measured. Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure (maximum pressure during one heartbeat) over diastolic pressure (minimum pressure between two heartbeats) in the cardiac cycle.
L'insuffisance aortique (IA), parfois appelée régurgitation aortique ou fuite aortique, est une maladie valvulaire cardiaque correspondant à un défaut d'étanchéité des valves aortiques du cœur qui provoque un flux sanguin rétrograde au cours de la diastole, de l'aorte vers le ventricule gauche. L'insuffisance aortique peut être due à des anomalies de la valve aortique et/ou de l'anneau aortique et/ou de l'aorte ascendante (le début de l'aorte). Si elle est associée avec un rétrécissement aortique, on parle alors de « maladie aortique ».
Aortic stenosis (AS or AoS) is the narrowing of the exit of the left ventricle of the heart (where the aorta begins), such that problems result. It may occur at the aortic valve as well as above and below this level. It typically gets worse over time. Symptoms often come on gradually with a decreased ability to exercise often occurring first. If heart failure, loss of consciousness, or heart related chest pain occur due to AS the outcomes are worse. Loss of consciousness typically occurs with standing or exercising.
Dans la théorie des bifurcations, une bifurcation de Hopf ou de Poincaré–Andronov–Hopf, des noms de Henri Poincaré, Eberhard Hopf, et Aleksandr Andronov, est une bifurcation locale dans laquelle un point fixe d'un système dynamique perd sa stabilité tandis qu'une paire de valeurs propres complexes conjuguées de la linéarisation autour du point fixe franchissent l'axe imaginaire du plan complexe. Pour un tour d'horizon plus général sur les bifurcations de Hopf et leurs applications notamment en physique et en électronique, voir.
A good's price elasticity of demand (, PED) is a measure of how sensitive the quantity demanded is to its price. When the price rises, quantity demanded falls for almost any good, but it falls more for some than for others. The price elasticity gives the percentage change in quantity demanded when there is a one percent increase in price, holding everything else constant. If the elasticity is −2, that means a one percent price rise leads to a two percent decline in quantity demanded.
