Human genetic variationHuman genetic variation is the genetic differences in and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (alleles), a situation called polymorphism. No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins (who develop from one zygote) have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting.
Third-generation sequencingThird-generation sequencing (also known as long-read sequencing) is a class of DNA sequencing methods currently under active development. Third generation sequencing technologies have the capability to produce substantially longer reads than second generation sequencing, also known as next-generation sequencing. Such an advantage has critical implications for both genome science and the study of biology in general. However, third generation sequencing data have much higher error rates than previous technologies, which can complicate downstream genome assembly and analysis of the resulting data.
Séquençage de l'ADNcadre|Résultat du séquençage par la méthode de Sanger. L'ordre de chaque bande indique la position d'un nucléotide A,T,C ou G Le séquençage de l'ADN consiste à déterminer l'ordre d'enchaînement des nucléotides pour un fragment d’ADN donné. La séquence d’ADN contient l’information nécessaire aux êtres vivants pour survivre et se reproduire. Déterminer cette séquence est donc utile aussi bien pour les recherches visant à savoir comment vivent les organismes que pour des sujets appliqués.
Biologie moléculaireredresse=1.67|vignette| Géométrie de la double hélice d'ADN B montrant le petit et le grand sillon ainsi que le détail des deux types de paires de bases : thymine–adénine en haut et cytosine–guanine en bas. La biologie moléculaire (parfois abrégée bio. mol.) est une discipline scientifique de la vie au croisement de la génétique, de la biochimie métabolique et de la physique, dont l'objet est la compréhension des mécanismes de fonctionnement de la cellule au niveau moléculaire.
Coloration evidence for natural selectionAnimal coloration provided important early evidence for evolution by natural selection, at a time when little direct evidence was available. Three major functions of coloration were discovered in the second half of the 19th century, and subsequently used as evidence of selection: camouflage (protective coloration); mimicry, both Batesian and Müllerian; and aposematism. Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was published in 1859, arguing from circumstantial evidence that selection by human breeders could produce change, and that since there was clearly a struggle for existence, that natural selection must be taking place.
Sélection négative (sélection naturelle)Dans la sélection naturelle, la sélection négative ou la sélection purifiante est l'élimination sélective des allèles délétères. Cela peut stabiliser la sélection par la purge des polymorphismes génétiques délétères qui résultent de mutations aléatoires. La purge des allèles délétères peut être réalisée au niveau de la génétique des populations, ne nécessitant pas plus d'une seule mutation ponctuelle comme l'unité de sélection.
Sanger sequencingSanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing that involves electrophoresis and is based on the random incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication. After first being developed by Frederick Sanger and colleagues in 1977, it became the most widely used sequencing method for approximately 40 years. It was first commercialized by Applied Biosystems in 1986. More recently, higher volume Sanger sequencing has been replaced by next generation sequencing methods, especially for large-scale, automated genome analyses.
Génétique des populationsLa génétique des populations (GDP) est l'étude de la distribution et des changements de la fréquence des versions d'un gène (allèles) dans les populations d'êtres vivants, sous l'influence des « pressions évolutives » (sélection naturelle, dérive génétique, recombinaison, mutation, et migration). Les changements de fréquence des allèles sont un aspect majeur de l'évolution, la fixation de certains allèles conduit à une modification génétique de la population, et l'accumulation de tels changements dans différentes populations peut conduire au processus de spéciation.
Massive parallel sequencingMassive parallel sequencing or massively parallel sequencing is any of several high-throughput approaches to DNA sequencing using the concept of massively parallel processing; it is also called next-generation sequencing (NGS) or second-generation sequencing. Some of these technologies emerged between 1993 and 1998 and have been commercially available since 2005. These technologies use miniaturized and parallelized platforms for sequencing of 1 million to 43 billion short reads (50 to 400 bases each) per instrument run.
Exome sequencingExome sequencing, also known as whole exome sequencing (WES), is a genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding regions of genes in a genome (known as the exome). It consists of two steps: the first step is to select only the subset of DNA that encodes proteins. These regions are known as exons—humans have about 180,000 exons, constituting about 1% of the human genome, or approximately 30 million base pairs. The second step is to sequence the exonic DNA using any high-throughput DNA sequencing technology.
