Borel functional calculusIn functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Borel functional calculus is a functional calculus (that is, an assignment of operators from commutative algebras to functions defined on their spectra), which has particularly broad scope. Thus for instance if T is an operator, applying the squaring function s → s2 to T yields the operator T2. Using the functional calculus for larger classes of functions, we can for example define rigorously the "square root" of the (negative) Laplacian operator −Δ or the exponential The 'scope' here means the kind of function of an operator which is allowed.
Signal-flow graphA signal-flow graph or signal-flowgraph (SFG), invented by Claude Shannon, but often called a Mason graph after Samuel Jefferson Mason who coined the term, is a specialized flow graph, a directed graph in which nodes represent system variables, and branches (edges, arcs, or arrows) represent functional connections between pairs of nodes. Thus, signal-flow graph theory builds on that of directed graphs (also called digraphs), which includes as well that of oriented graphs.
Optimisation multiobjectifL'optimisation multiobjectif (appelée aussi Programmation multi-objective ou optimisation multi-critère) est une branche de l'optimisation mathématique traitant spécifiquement des problèmes d'optimisation ayant plusieurs fonctions objectifs. Elle se distingue de l'optimisation multidisciplinaire par le fait que les objectifs à optimiser portent ici sur un seul problème. Les problèmes multiobjectifs ont un intérêt grandissant dans l'industrie où les responsables sont contraints de tenter d'optimiser des objectifs contradictoires.
Sustainable designEnvironmentally sustainable design (also called environmentally conscious design, eco-design, etc.) is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to comply with the principles of ecological sustainability and also aimed at improving the health and comfort of occupants in a building. Sustainable design seeks to reduce negative impacts on the environment, the health and well-being of building occupants, thereby improving building performance.
Urban designUrban design is an approach to the design of buildings and the spaces between them that focuses on specific design processes and outcomes. In addition to designing and shaping the physical features of towns, cities, and regional spaces, urban design considers 'bigger picture' issues of economic, social and environmental value and social design. The scope of a project can range from a local street or public space to an entire city and surrounding areas.
