Virtual screeningVirtual screening (VS) is a computational technique used in drug discovery to search libraries of small molecules in order to identify those structures which are most likely to bind to a drug target, typically a protein receptor or enzyme. Virtual screening has been defined as "automatically evaluating very large libraries of compounds" using computer programs. As this definition suggests, VS has largely been a numbers game focusing on how the enormous chemical space of over 1060 conceivable compounds can be filtered to a manageable number that can be synthesized, purchased, and tested.
Preclinical developmentIn drug development, preclinical development, also termed preclinical studies or nonclinical studies, is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials (testing in humans) and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected, typically in laboratory animals. The main goals of preclinical studies are to determine a starting, safe dose for first-in-human study and assess potential toxicity of the product, which typically include new medical devices, prescription drugs, and diagnostics.
Phases of clinical researchThe phases of clinical research are the stages in which scientists conduct experiments with a health intervention to obtain sufficient evidence for a process considered effective as a medical treatment. For drug development, the clinical phases start with testing for drug safety in a few human subjects, then expand to many study participants (potentially tens of thousands) to determine if the treatment is effective. Clinical research is conducted on drug candidates, vaccine candidates, new medical devices, and new diagnostic assays.
DépistageLe dépistage, en médecine, consiste à rechercher une ou plusieurs maladies ou anomalies dites « à risques » chez les individus d'une population donnée. Ces investigations sont suivies ou non de consultations médicales, d'examens cliniques et de traitements. De plus, le dépistage constitue une procédure préliminaire (test ou examen) visant à détecter un ou plusieurs signes ou symptômes caractéristiques d’une maladie ou d’un syndrome et pouvant potentiellement mener à une investigation plus approfondie.
Criblage à haut débitthumb|Machine de criblage à haut débit en Allemagne Le criblage à haut débit (high-throughput screening, HTS) désigne dans le domaine de la pharmacologie, de la biochimie, de la génomique et de la protéomique, les techniques visant à étudier et à identifier dans les chimiothèques et ciblothèques, des molécules aux propriétés nouvelles, biologiquement actives. L’expression haut débit évoque ici l’utilisation de la robotique, de l’informatique et de la bio-informatique pour accélérer la phase de test des molécules, protéines, catalyseurs, etc.
Quality (business)In business, engineering, and manufacturing, quality – or high quality – has a pragmatic interpretation as the non-inferiority or superiority of something (goods or services); it is also defined as being suitable for the intended purpose (fitness for purpose) while satisfying customer expectations. Quality is a perceptual, conditional, and somewhat subjective attribute and may be understood differently by different people. Consumers may focus on the specification quality of a product/service, or how it compares to competitors in the marketplace.
Vaccin à sous-unitésUn vaccin à sous-unités ou vaccin sous-unitaire est un vaccin qui contient des parties purifiées d'agents pathogènes qui sont antigéniques ou nécessaires pour induire une réponse immunitaire protectrice. Au contraire d'un vaccin à virus atténué ou à virus inactivé, il ne contient que les parties antigéniques telles que des sous-unités protéiquess, des polysaccharides ou des peptides. Puisqu'il ne contient aucune partie « vivante » de l'agent pathogène, il n'y a aucun risque qu'il introduise la maladie, il est plus sécuritaire et plus stable qu'un vaccin qui contient le pathogène complet.
Gene expression profilingIn the field of molecular biology, gene expression profiling is the measurement of the activity (the expression) of thousands of genes at once, to create a global picture of cellular function. These profiles can, for example, distinguish between cells that are actively dividing, or show how the cells react to a particular treatment. Many experiments of this sort measure an entire genome simultaneously, that is, every gene present in a particular cell. Several transcriptomics technologies can be used to generate the necessary data to analyse.
Molecular cloningMolecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word cloning refers to the fact that the method involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cells with identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication of the recombinant DNA.
Management de la qualitévignette|La roue de Deming illustre le processus d'amélioration continue, l'un des principes fondamentaux du management de la qualité. Le management de la qualité, ou gestion de la qualité, est une discipline du management regroupant l'ensemble des concepts et méthodes visant à satisfaire les clients d'un organisme (en général les entreprises, associations, organismes publics) et à fournir des produits et services correspondant à leurs attentes.
