Calcium in biologyCalcium ions (Ca2+) contribute to the physiology and biochemistry of organisms' cells. They play an important role in signal transduction pathways, where they act as a second messenger, in neurotransmitter release from neurons, in contraction of all muscle cell types, and in fertilization. Many enzymes require calcium ions as a cofactor, including several of the coagulation factors. Extracellular calcium is also important for maintaining the potential difference across excitable cell membranes, as well as proper bone formation.
Juxtacrinevignette|Communication juxtacrine par voie de signalisation Notch entre cellules adjacentes. En biologie cellulaire, la communication juxtacrine est un type de signalisation cellulaire entre cellules adjacentes impliquant des oligosaccharides, des lipides ou des protéines de la membrane cellulaire, et affectant la cellule émettrice ou certaines des cellules adjacentes. Contrairement à d'autres modes de signalisation cellulaire, paracrine ou endocrine, la signalisation juxtacrine requiert l'établissement d'un contact physique entre les cellules impliquées dans cette communication.
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiencyExocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is the inability to properly digest food due to a lack or reduction of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas. EPI can occur in humans and is prevalent in many conditions such as cystic fibrosis, Shwachman–Diamond syndrome, different types of pancreatitis, multiple types of diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes), advanced renal disease, older adults, celiac disease, IBS-D, IBD, HIV, alcohol-related liver disease, Sjogren syndrome, tobacco use, and use of somatostatin analogues.
Intercellular communicationIntercellular communication refers to the various ways and structures that biological cells use to communicate with each other directly or through their environment. Different types of cells use different proteins and mechanisms to communicate with one another using extracellular signalling molecules. Components of each type of intercellular communication may be involved in more than one type of communication making attempts at clearly separating the types of communication listed somewhat futile.
Suc pancréatiqueLe suc pancréatique est un liquide biologique sécrété par le pancréas exocrine dans la lumière digestive. C'est le suc le plus complet. Il est composé de deux constituants principaux : des bicarbonates, sels dont la teneur élevée rend le suc alcalin, c'est-à-dire élève le pH ; des enzymes protéolytiques (trypsine, chymotrypsine, carboxypeptidases) qui hydrolysent les protéines ; des enzymes glycolytiques (α-amylase qui découpe l'amidon des végétaux) qui hydrolysent les sucres ; des enzymes lipolytiques (lipase) qui hydrolysent les triglycérides, les diglycérides et les monoglycérides.
Single system imageIn distributed computing, a single system image (SSI) cluster is a cluster of machines that appears to be one single system. The concept is often considered synonymous with that of a distributed operating system, but a single image may be presented for more limited purposes, just job scheduling for instance, which may be achieved by means of an additional layer of software over conventional operating system images running on each node. The interest in SSI clusters is based on the perception that they may be simpler to use and administer than more specialized clusters.
Pancréatite aiguëLa pancréatite aiguë est une maladie consistant en une inflammation rapide du pancréas. En fonction de sa gravité, elle peut avoir de graves complications et une grande mortalité malgré le traitement. Alors que les cas modérés se normalisent grâce à des mesures conservatives ou à l’endoscopie, les cas graves nécessitent une chirurgie (souvent plus d’une intervention) pour endiguer l’évolution de la maladie. La maladie était connue avant le , mais son mécanisme non élucidé.
