GyrotronA gyrotron is a class of high-power linear-beam vacuum tubes that generates millimeter-wave electromagnetic waves by the cyclotron resonance of electrons in a strong magnetic field. Output frequencies range from about 20 to 527 GHz, covering wavelengths from microwave to the edge of the terahertz gap. Typical output powers range from tens of kilowatts to 1–2 megawatts. Gyrotrons can be designed for pulsed or continuous operation. The gyrotron was invented by Soviet scientists at NIRFI, based in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
Vehicle simulation gameVehicle simulation games are a genre of video games which attempt to provide the player with a realistic interpretation of operating various kinds of vehicles. This includes automobiles, aircraft, watercraft, spacecraft, military vehicles, and a variety of other vehicles. The main challenge is to master driving and steering the vehicle from the perspective of the pilot or driver, with most games adding another challenge such as racing or fighting rival vehicles.
Ion sourceAn ion source is a device that creates atomic and molecular ions. Ion sources are used to form ions for mass spectrometers, optical emission spectrometers, particle accelerators, ion implanters and ion engines. Electron ionization Electron ionization is widely used in mass spectrometry, particularly for organic molecules. The gas phase reaction producing electron ionization is M{} + e^- -> M^{+\bullet}{} + 2e^- where M is the atom or molecule being ionized, e^- is the electron, and M^{+\bullet} is the resulting ion.
Plasma cosmologyPlasma cosmology is a non-standard cosmology whose central postulate is that the dynamics of ionized gases and plasmas play important, if not dominant, roles in the physics of the universe at interstellar and intergalactic scales. In contrast, the current observations and models of cosmologists and astrophysicists explain the formation, development, and evolution of large-scale structures as dominated by gravity (including its formulation in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity).
Stellar coronaA corona ( coronas or coronae) is the outermost layer of a star's atmosphere. It consists of plasma. The Sun's corona lies above the chromosphere and extends millions of kilometres into outer space. It is most easily seen during a total solar eclipse, but it is also observable with a coronagraph. Spectroscopic measurements indicate strong ionization in the corona and a plasma temperature in excess of 1 000 000 kelvins, much hotter than the surface of the Sun, known as the photosphere. Corona is, in turn, derived .
Plasma-facing materialIn nuclear fusion power research, the plasma-facing material (or materials) (PFM) is any material used to construct the plasma-facing components (PFC), those components exposed to the plasma within which nuclear fusion occurs, and particularly the material used for the lining the first wall or divertor region of the reactor vessel. Plasma-facing materials for fusion reactor designs must support the overall steps for energy generation, these include: Generating heat through fusion, Capturing heat in the first wall, Transferring heat at a faster rate than capturing heat.
Laser à électrons libresUn laser à électrons libres (en free electron laser : FEL) est un type de laser qui fonctionne en utilisant des électrons qui ne sont pas liés à un atome, d’où l'adjectif « libres », pour créer des photons. La lumière produite est à la fois cohérente, intense et peut avoir une longueur d'onde située dans une large gamme, depuis les micro-ondes jusqu'aux rayons X durs, en passant par l'ultra-violet, le domaine visible et l'infrarouge. Les lasers à électrons libres ont été suggérés en 1971 par le physicien John M.
Écran à plasmaLes écrans à plasma fonctionnent de façon similaire aux tubes d'éclairage fluorescents (improprement appelés « néons »). Ils utilisent l’électricité pour illuminer un gaz. thumb|300px|Schéma de principe Le gaz utilisé est un mélange de gaz nobles (argon 90 % et xénon 10 %). Ce mélange de gaz est inerte et inoffensif. Pour qu'il émette de la lumière on lui applique un courant électrique qui le transforme en plasma, un fluide ionisé dont les atomes ont perdu un ou plusieurs de leurs électrons et ne sont plus électriquement neutres, alors que les électrons ainsi libérés forment un nuage autour.
Voile magnétiquevignette|Voile-particule-vent Une voile magnétique est une proposition de mode de propulsion spatiale qui se sert d'un champ magnétique pour dévier des particules chargées électriquement, en mouvement (typiquement, celles du vent solaire). Ce concept présente des points communs avec le moteur ionique : dans les deux cas, il s'agit de modifier le moment cinétique d'un gaz d'ions ou plasma (on considère les protons du vent solaire comme des ions hydrogène). On exerce en retour une influence sur le mouvement du vaisseau spatial.
Interchange instabilityThe interchange instability, also known as the Kruskal–Schwarzchild instability or flute instability, is a type of plasma instability seen in magnetic fusion energy that is driven by the gradients in the magnetic pressure in areas where the confining magnetic field is curved. The name of the instability refers to the action of the plasma changing position with the magnetic field lines (i.e. an interchange of the lines of force in space) without significant disturbance to the geometry of the external field.
