Hydrographic surveyHydrographic survey is the science of measurement and description of features which affect maritime navigation, marine construction, dredging, offshore oil exploration and drilling and related activities. Strong emphasis is placed on soundings, shorelines, tides, currents, seabed and submerged obstructions that relate to the previously mentioned activities. The term hydrography is used synonymously to describe maritime cartography, which in the final stages of the hydrographic process uses the raw data collected through hydrographic survey into information usable by the end user.
Classification en classes multiplesIn machine learning and statistical classification, multiclass classification or multinomial classification is the problem of classifying instances into one of three or more classes (classifying instances into one of two classes is called binary classification). While many classification algorithms (notably multinomial logistic regression) naturally permit the use of more than two classes, some are by nature binary algorithms; these can, however, be turned into multinomial classifiers by a variety of strategies.
Survey data collectionWith the application of probability sampling in the 1930s, surveys became a standard tool for empirical research in social sciences, marketing, and official statistics. The methods involved in survey data collection are any of a number of ways in which data can be collected for a statistical survey. These are methods that are used to collect information from a sample of individuals in a systematic way. First there was the change from traditional paper-and-pencil interviewing (PAPI) to computer-assisted interviewing (CAI).
Ordnance Survey[[Fichier:Grays Thurrockmap 1946.jpg|thumb|Carte de lOrdnance Survey de 1946.]] L’Ordnance Survey (ou « Service cartographique de l'État''' ») est une agence exécutive et un département non-ministériel du gouvernement du Royaume-Uni chargé de la cartographie du pays. Il produit des cartes uniquement pour la Grande-Bretagne, ainsi que pour l'île de Man (l'Irlande du Nord est couverte par une autre agence, L'Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland). C'est l’équivalent de l’IGN français.
Sondage (sciences sociales)Un sondage en sciences sociales est l'application de la technique des sondages à une population humaine. Le sondage est un outil de mesure quantitative qui vise à donner une image juste d'un phénomène social inaccessible à la simple perception du chercheur qui souhaite l'appréhender. Ces points sont à peu près évidents intuitivement. La fréquence d'apparition d'un caractère dans un échantillon donne une idée sur cette fréquence dans la population mais seulement une idée imprécise.
