G2 phaseDISPLAYTITLE:G2 phase G2 phase, Gap 2 phase, or Growth 2 phase, is the third subphase of interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding mitosis. It follows the successful completion of S phase, during which the cell’s DNA is replicated. G2 phase ends with the onset of prophase, the first phase of mitosis in which the cell’s chromatin condenses into chromosomes. G2 phase is a period of rapid cell growth and protein synthesis during which the cell prepares itself for mitosis.
Glossary of fuel cell termsThe Glossary of fuel cell terms lists the definitions of many terms used within the fuel cell industry. The terms in this fuel cell glossary may be used by fuel cell industry associations, in education material and fuel cell codes and standards to name but a few. Activation loss See overpotential Adsorption Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or a liquid (adsorbent), forming a film of molecules or atoms (the adsorbate).
S phaseS phase (Synthesis Phase) is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase. Since accurate duplication of the genome is critical to successful cell division, the processes that occur during S-phase are tightly regulated and widely conserved. G1/S transition Entry into S-phase is controlled by the G1 restriction point (R), which commits cells to the remainder of the cell-cycle if there is adequate nutrients and growth signaling.
Cell migrationCell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Tissue formation during embryonic development, wound healing and immune responses all require the orchestrated movement of cells in particular directions to specific locations. Cells often migrate in response to specific external signals, including chemical signals and mechanical signals. Errors during this process have serious consequences, including intellectual disability, vascular disease, tumor formation and metastasis.
Pile à combustible alcalineLes piles à combustible alcalines (ou AFC selon l'acronyme de l'appellation anglaise alkaline fuel cell) sont une des techniques de piles à combustible les plus développées. C'est aussi une technique qui fut employée lors des expéditions lunaires. Les agences spatiales ont utilisé les AFC dès le milieu des années 1960, lors des programmes Gemini, Apollo, Soyouz 7K-L3 et pour les navettes spatiales Shuttle et Bourane. Les AFC consomment de l'hydrogène et de l'oxygène pur en produisant de l'eau potable, de la chaleur et de l'électricité.
Extracellular fluidIn cell biology, extracellular fluid (ECF) denotes all body fluid outside the cells of any multicellular organism. Total body water in healthy adults is about 60% (range 45 to 75%) of total body weight; women and the obese typically have a lower percentage than lean men. Extracellular fluid makes up about one-third of body fluid, the remaining two-thirds is intracellular fluid within cells. The main component of the extracellular fluid is the interstitial fluid that surrounds cells.
Semi-proportional representationSemi-proportional representation characterizes multi-winner electoral systems which allow representation of minorities, but are not intended to reflect the strength of the competing political forces in close proportion to the votes they receive. Semi-proportional voting systems can be regarded as compromises between forms of proportional representation such as party-list PR, and plurality/majoritarian systems such as first-past-the-post voting. Examples of semi-proportional systems include the single non-transferable vote, limited voting, and parallel voting.
Tissu adipeux brunthumb|Tissu adipeux brun chez une femme (tomographie par émission de positons.) Le tissu adipeux brun ou graisse brune est l'un des types de tissu adipeux (les autres étant le tissu adipeux blanc et la moelle hématopoïétique; et le tissu adipeux beige ou brite pour brown in white) présent chez les mammifères. Il est particulièrement abondant chez les mammifères hibernants, marins, des régions polaires et chez les nouveau-nés, mais est présent également chez l'adulte.
Dual-member proportional representationDual-member proportional representation (DMP), also known as dual-member mixed proportional, is an electoral system designed to produce proportional election results across a region by electing two representatives in each of the region’s districts. The first seat in every district is awarded to the candidate who receives the most votes, similar to first-past-the-post voting (FPTP). The second seat is awarded to one of the remaining district candidates so that proportionality is achieved across the region, using a calculation that aims to award parties their seats in the districts where they had their strongest performances.
Maladie génétiqueUne maladie génétique est une maladie due à une ou plusieurs anomalies sur un ou plusieurs chromosomes qui entraînent un défaut de fonctionnement de certaines cellules de l'organisme. Ces cellules fabriquent des protéines. L'activité et la structure de chaque protéine est déterminée par l'information génétique contenue dans un gène. Si le gène est altéré, il entraîne la cellule dans un dysfonctionnement, qui peut se révéler, à tout âge de la vie, avec l'expression d'une maladie.
