Loi de distribution des vitesses de MaxwellEn théorie cinétique des gaz, la loi de distribution de vitesses de Maxwell quantifie la répartition statistique des vitesses des particules dans un gaz homogène à l'équilibre thermodynamique. Les vecteurs vitesse des particules suivent une loi normale. Cette loi a été établie par James Clerk Maxwell en 1860 et confirmée ultérieurement par Ludwig Boltzmann à partir de bases physiques qui fondent la physique statistique en 1872 et 1877.
Théorie de l'informationLa théorie de l'information, sans précision, est le nom usuel désignant la théorie de l'information de Shannon, qui est une théorie utilisant les probabilités pour quantifier le contenu moyen en information d'un ensemble de messages, dont le codage informatique satisfait une distribution statistique que l'on pense connaître. Ce domaine trouve son origine scientifique avec Claude Shannon qui en est le père fondateur avec son article A Mathematical Theory of Communication publié en 1948.
Discrete two-point spaceIn topology, a branch of mathematics, a discrete two-point space is the simplest example of a totally disconnected discrete space. The points can be denoted by the symbols 0 and 1. Any disconnected space has a continuous mapping which is not constant onto the discrete two-point space. Conversely if a nonconstant continuous mapping to the discrete two-point space exists from a topological space, the space is disconnected.
Moment measureIn probability and statistics, a moment measure is a mathematical quantity, function or, more precisely, measure that is defined in relation to mathematical objects known as point processes, which are types of stochastic processes often used as mathematical models of physical phenomena representable as randomly positioned points in time, space or both. Moment measures generalize the idea of (raw) moments of random variables, hence arise often in the study of point processes and related fields.
Continuum percolation theoryIn mathematics and probability theory, continuum percolation theory is a branch of mathematics that extends discrete percolation theory to continuous space (often Euclidean space Rn). More specifically, the underlying points of discrete percolation form types of lattices whereas the underlying points of continuum percolation are often randomly positioned in some continuous space and form a type of point process. For each point, a random shape is frequently placed on it and the shapes overlap each with other to form clumps or components.
