Protein complexA protein complex or multiprotein complex is a group of two or more associated polypeptide chains. Protein complexes are distinct from multidomain enzymes, in which multiple catalytic domains are found in a single polypeptide chain. Protein complexes are a form of quaternary structure. Proteins in a protein complex are linked by non-covalent protein–protein interactions. These complexes are a cornerstone of many (if not most) biological processes.
Pattern formationThe science of pattern formation deals with the visible, (statistically) orderly outcomes of self-organization and the common principles behind similar patterns in nature. In developmental biology, pattern formation refers to the generation of complex organizations of cell fates in space and time. The role of genes in pattern formation is an aspect of morphogenesis, the creation of diverse anatomies from similar genes, now being explored in the science of evolutionary developmental biology or evo-devo.
Azimutvignette|Azimut. L’azimut (anciennement et parfois encore orthographié azimuth) est l'angle dans le plan horizontal entre la direction d'un objet et une direction de référence. Le terme est issu de l'espagnol « acimut », lui-même issu de l'arabe السمت (as-simt), qui signifie direction. Cette référence peut être le nord géographique ou magnétique. L'azimut est mesuré depuis le nord en degrés de 0° (inclus) à 360° (exclu) dans le sens rétrograde (sens des aiguilles d'une montre) : ainsi l’est est au 90°, le sud au 180° et l’ouest au 270°.
Plate reconstructionThis article describes techniques; for a history of the movement of tectonic plates, see Geological history of Earth. Plate reconstruction is the process of reconstructing the positions of tectonic plates relative to each other (relative motion) or to other reference frames, such as the Earth's magnetic field or groups of hotspots, in the geological past. This helps determine the shape and make-up of ancient supercontinents and provides a basis for paleogeographic reconstructions.
