Marine ecosystemMarine ecosystems are the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and exist in waters that have a high salt content. These systems contrast with freshwater ecosystems, which have a lower salt content. Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply and 90% of habitable space on Earth. Seawater has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand of water. Actual salinity varies among different marine ecosystems.
Reaction rateThe reaction rate or rate of reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place, defined as proportional to the increase in the concentration of a product per unit time and to the decrease in the concentration of a reactant per unit time. Reaction rates can vary dramatically. For example, the oxidative rusting of iron under Earth's atmosphere is a slow reaction that can take many years, but the combustion of cellulose in a fire is a reaction that takes place in fractions of a second.
Total maximum daily loadA total maximum daily load (TMDL) is a regulatory term in the U.S. Clean Water Act, describing a plan for restoring impaired waters that identifies the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive while still meeting water quality standards. The Clean Water Act requires that state environmental agencies complete TMDLs for impaired waters and that the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) review and approve / disapprove those TMDLs.
Ripisylvevignette|Quand elle est « ouverte », la ripisylve bénéficie à la fois de l'eau et de ses nutriments, et de la lumière réverbérée, et est ainsi généralement exubérante. thumb|Ripisylve et succession de végétaux, ici sur une seule berge, ayant valeur de corridor biologique, d'aménité paysagère, de lieu d'intense productivité ligneuse et d'épuration de l'eau, gage de protection des berges. vignette|L'entrelac racinaire hors d'eau et immergé fait partie intégrante des écosystèmes de ripisylve, avec des fonctions dépassant celle de maintien des berges.
Zone riparienne tampondroite|vignette|Une zone riparienne tampon végétale bordant une rivière dans le comté de Story, en Iowa. Un tampon ou zone riparienne tampon (étymologiquement du latin ripa, « rive », en anglais riparian buffer) ou bande riveraine (au Québec) est une zone de végétation (une « zone tampon ») située près d'un cours d'eau (en « zone riparienne »), généralement boisé, qui contribue à l'ombrage et protège partiellement le cours d'eau des impacts des utilisations des terres adjacentes.
Geochemical cycleIn Earth science, a geochemical cycle is the pathway that chemical elements take in the surface and crust of the Earth. The term "geochemical" tells us that geological and chemical factors are all included. The migration of heated and compressed chemical elements and compounds such as silicon, aluminium, and general alkali metals through the means of subduction and volcanism is known in the geological world as geochemical cycles. The geochemical cycle encompasses the natural separation and concentration of elements and heat-assisted recombination processes.
Payment for ecosystem servicesPayments for ecosystem services (PES), also known as payments for environmental services (or benefits), are incentives offered to farmers or landowners in exchange for managing their land to provide some sort of ecological service. They have been defined as "a transparent system for the additional provision of environmental services through conditional payments to voluntary providers". These programmes promote the conservation of natural resources in the marketplace.
