Greenhouse gas emissions (abbreviated as GHG emissions) from human activities strengthen the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. Carbon dioxide (), from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The largest emitters are China followed by the US, although the United States has higher emissions per capita. The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies.
Greenhouse gas inventories are emission inventories of greenhouse gas emissions that are developed for a variety of reasons. Scientists use inventories of natural and anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions as tools when developing atmospheric models. Policy makers use inventories to develop strategies and policies for emissions reductions and to track the progress of those policies. Regulatory agencies and corporations also rely on inventories to establish compliance records with allowable emission rates.
Le bilan carbone lié à la fabrication d'un produit ou à l'activité d'une entité humaine (individu, groupe, collectivité) est un outil de comptabilisation de ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Il tient compte de l'énergie primaire et de l'énergie finale de ces produits et services. Le bilan carbone vise à renseigner les systèmes d'échange de type bourse du carbone, à poser les bases de solutions efficaces de réduction de la consommation énergétique, et peut optimiser la fiscalité écologique (taxe carbone.
Un biocarburant est un carburant (combustible liquide ou gazeux) produit à partir de matériaux organiques non fossiles, provenant de la biomasse (c'est le sens du préfixe « bio » dans biocarburant) et qui vient en complément ou en substitution du combustible fossile. Ceux qui sont produits par la filière agricole sont désignés sous le vocable d'agrocarburant.
Les gaz à effet de serre (GES) sont des composants gazeux qui absorbent le rayonnement infrarouge émis par la surface terrestre et contribuent ainsi à l'effet de serre. L'augmentation de leur concentration dans l'atmosphère terrestre est l'un des facteurs à l'origine du réchauffement climatique. Un gaz ne peut absorber les rayonnements infrarouges qu'à partir de trois atomes par molécule, ou à partir de deux si ce sont deux atomes différents.
vignette|Tableau (comparatif) des prix relatifs aux émissions de carbone dans les différentes régions du monde. Un marché du carbone est un système d'échange de droits d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre, de crédits carbone et de quotas carbone. Selon le rapport 2020 de l'« International Carbon Action Partnership », 21 marchés du carbone ont été mis en place et 24 autres sont en cours de développement ou en projet. Le marché du carbone n'est qu'une des options permettant de donner un prix au carbone.
Biofuel is fuel that is produced from organic matter (biomass), including plant materials and animal waste. It is considered a renewable source of energy that can assist in reducing carbon emissions. The two main types of biofuel currently being produced in Australia are biodiesel and bioethanol, used as replacements for diesel and petrol (gasoline) respectively. As of 2017 Australia is a relatively small producer of biofuels, accounting for 0.2% of world bioethanol production and 0.1% of world biodiesel production.
Second-generation biofuels, also known as advanced biofuels, are fuels that can be manufactured from various types of non-food biomass. Biomass in this context means plant materials and animal waste used especially as a source of fuel. First-generation biofuels are made from sugar-starch feedstocks (e.g., sugarcane and corn) and edible oil feedstocks (e.g., rapeseed and soybean oil), which are generally converted into bioethanol and biodiesel, respectively.
There are various social, economic, environmental and technical issues with biofuel production and use, which have been discussed in the popular media and scientific journals. These include: the effect of moderating oil prices, the "food vs fuel" debate, poverty reduction potential, carbon emissions levels, sustainable biofuel production, deforestation and soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, effect on water resources, the possible modifications necessary to run the engine on biofuel, as well as energy balance and efficiency.
Biofuels are renewable fuels that are produced by living organisms (biomass). Biofuels can be solid, gaseous or liquid, which comes in two forms: ethanol and biodiesel and often replace fossil fuels. Many countries now use biofuels as energy sources, including Sweden. Sweden has one of the highest usages of biofuel in all of Europe, at 32%, primarily due to the widespread commitment to E85, bioheating and bioelectricity.
