Politique monétaireLa politique monétaire est la politique publique menée par l'autorité monétaire (en général, la banque centrale). Elle a souvent vocation à assurer la stabilité des prix, le plein-emploi ou encore la stabilité du taux de change. La politique monétaire exploite un certain nombre de canaux de transmission tels que le taux d'intérêt, le taux de change ou les valeurs boursières. Elle se distingue de la politique budgétaire. Ces deux politiques interagissent et forment ensemble le policy-mix.
Gaz à effet de serreLes gaz à effet de serre (GES) sont des composants gazeux qui absorbent le rayonnement infrarouge émis par la surface terrestre et contribuent ainsi à l'effet de serre. L'augmentation de leur concentration dans l'atmosphère terrestre est l'un des facteurs à l'origine du réchauffement climatique. Un gaz ne peut absorber les rayonnements infrarouges qu'à partir de trois atomes par molécule, ou à partir de deux si ce sont deux atomes différents.
Greenhouse gas emissionsGreenhouse gas emissions (abbreviated as GHG emissions) from human activities strengthen the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. Carbon dioxide (), from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The largest emitters are China followed by the US, although the United States has higher emissions per capita. The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies.
Greenhouse gas inventoryGreenhouse gas inventories are emission inventories of greenhouse gas emissions that are developed for a variety of reasons. Scientists use inventories of natural and anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions as tools when developing atmospheric models. Policy makers use inventories to develop strategies and policies for emissions reductions and to track the progress of those policies. Regulatory agencies and corporations also rely on inventories to establish compliance records with allowable emission rates.
Greenhouse gas monitoringGreenhouse gas monitoring is the direct measurement of greenhouse gas emissions and levels. There are several different methods of measuring carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, including infrared analyzing and manometry. Methane and nitrous oxide are measured by other instruments. Greenhouse gases are measured from space such as by the Orbiting Carbon Observatory and networks of ground stations such as the Integrated Carbon Observation System.
Energy systemAn energy system is a system primarily designed to supply energy-services to end-users. The intent behind energy systems is to minimise energy losses to a negligible level, as well as to ensure the efficient use of energy. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report defines an energy system as "all components related to the production, conversion, delivery, and use of energy". The first two definitions allow for demand-side measures, including daylighting, retrofitted building insulation, and passive solar building design, as well as socio-economic factors, such as aspects of energy demand management and remote work, while the third does not.
Economic analysis of climate changeThe economic analysis of climate change explains how economic thinking, tools and techniques are applied to calculate the magnitude and distribution of damage caused by climate change. It also informs the policies and approaches for mitigation and adaptation to climate change from global to household scales. This topic is also inclusive of alternative economic approaches, including ecological economics and degrowth. Economic analysis of climate change is considered challenging as it is a long-term problem and has substantial distributional issues within and across countries.
Véhicule hybride rechargeablevignette|Une Audi A1 rechargeable au salon iMobility 2012 à Stuttgart. Un véhicule hybride rechargeable (VHR) est un véhicule hybride électrique dont la batterie de traction est conçue pour être chargée par branchement à une source d'énergie extérieure. Deux catégories de tels véhicules existent : PHEV (de l'anglais « Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle ») quand les deux motorisations agissent de concert pour animer le véhicule, ou EREV (de l'anglais « Extended Range Electric Vehicles ») quand seul le moteur électrique est connecté aux roues, le moteur thermique ne fournissant de la puissance à un générateur d'électricité que lorsque la batterie d'accumulateurs a besoin d’être rechargée.
Automobile hybride électriqueUne automobile hybride électrique est un véhicule automobile faisant appel à deux types d'énergie embarqués pour se mouvoir, dont l'un est de nature électrique (électrochimique ou électrostatique). L'architecture la plus répandue pour ce type de véhicule hybride associe un moteur électrique à un moteur thermique, généralement à essence. La nature réversible de la partie motrice électrique permet la récupération d'une partie de l'énergie cinétique du véhicule par freinage régénératif.
PolicyPolicy is a deliberate system of guidelines to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a governance body within an organization. Policies can assist in both subjective and objective decision making. Policies used in subjective decision-making usually assist senior management with decisions that must be based on the relative merits of a number of factors, and as a result, are often hard to test objectively, e.
