Capital allocation lineCapital allocation line (CAL) is a graph created by investors to measure the risk of risky and risk-free assets. The graph displays the return to be made by taking on a certain level of risk. Its slope is known as the "reward-to-variability ratio". The capital allocation line is a straight line that has the following equation: In this formula P is the risky portfolio, F is riskless portfolio, and C is a combination of portfolios P and F. The slope of the capital allocation line is equal to the incremental return of the portfolio to the incremental increase of risk.
Coherent risk measureIn the fields of actuarial science and financial economics there are a number of ways that risk can be defined; to clarify the concept theoreticians have described a number of properties that a risk measure might or might not have. A coherent risk measure is a function that satisfies properties of monotonicity, sub-additivity, homogeneity, and translational invariance. Consider a random outcome viewed as an element of a linear space of measurable functions, defined on an appropriate probability space.
Markowitz modelIn finance, the Markowitz model ─ put forward by Harry Markowitz in 1952 ─ is a portfolio optimization model; it assists in the selection of the most efficient portfolio by analyzing various possible portfolios of the given securities. Here, by choosing securities that do not 'move' exactly together, the HM model shows investors how to reduce their risk. The HM model is also called mean-variance model due to the fact that it is based on expected returns (mean) and the standard deviation (variance) of the various portfolios.
Program tradingProgram trading is a type of trading in securities, usually consisting of baskets of fifteen stocks or more that are executed by a computer program simultaneously based on predetermined conditions. Program trading is often used by hedge funds and other institutional investors pursuing index arbitrage or other arbitrage strategies.
Taux de margeLe taux de marge désigne le pourcentage de gain (ou de perte) réalisé par une entreprise ou un secteur économique. Il en existe deux définitions : dans la comptabilité nationale, il s'agit de comparer l'excédent brut d'exploitation à la valeur ajoutée (la différence en valeur de la production vendue et de la consommation intermédiaire) ; en finance d'entreprise, il s'agit de comparer un gain (ou une perte) à un chiffre d'affaires.
Arbitrage (finance)L'arbitrage est une opération financière destinée à assurer un gain positif ou nul de manière certaine en profitant d'écarts temporaires de prix constatés entre différents titres ou contrats. Par exemple en prenant position simultanément et en sens contraire soit sur plusieurs actifs dérivés différents soit sur un produit dérivé et son actif sous-jacent.
