Probabilistic classificationIn machine learning, a probabilistic classifier is a classifier that is able to predict, given an observation of an input, a probability distribution over a set of classes, rather than only outputting the most likely class that the observation should belong to. Probabilistic classifiers provide classification that can be useful in its own right or when combining classifiers into ensembles. Formally, an "ordinary" classifier is some rule, or function, that assigns to a sample x a class label ŷ: The samples come from some set X (e.
Equivalence (measure theory)In mathematics, and specifically in measure theory, equivalence is a notion of two measures being qualitatively similar. Specifically, the two measures agree on which events have measure zero. Let and be two measures on the measurable space and let and be the sets of -null sets and -null sets, respectively.
Apprentissage ensemblisteIn statistics and machine learning, ensemble methods use multiple learning algorithms to obtain better predictive performance than could be obtained from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone. Unlike a statistical ensemble in statistical mechanics, which is usually infinite, a machine learning ensemble consists of only a concrete finite set of alternative models, but typically allows for much more flexible structure to exist among those alternatives.
Reconnaissance automatique de la parolevignette|droite|upright=1.4|La reconnaissance vocale est habituellement traitée dans le middleware ; les résultats sont transmis aux applications utilisatrices. La reconnaissance automatique de la parole (souvent improprement appelée reconnaissance vocale) est une technique informatique qui permet d'analyser la voix humaine captée au moyen d'un microphone pour la transcrire sous la forme d'un texte exploitable par une machine.
Passeport biométriquevignette|Symbole distinguant les passeports biométriques. Un passeport biométrique est un passeport doté d'une puce électronique qui contient des informations biométriques pouvant être utilisées pour authentifier l'identité du détenteur du passeport. Il utilise une technologie de carte à puce sans contact, une puce de microprocesseur et une antenne intégrées dans la couverture avant ou arrière, ou page centrale du passeport. Les informations critiques du passeport sont à la fois imprimées sur la page de données du passeport et stockées dans la puce électronique.
Digital image processingDigital image processing is the use of a digital computer to process s through an algorithm. As a subcategory or field of digital signal processing, digital image processing has many advantages over . It allows a much wider range of algorithms to be applied to the input data and can avoid problems such as the build-up of noise and distortion during processing. Since images are defined over two dimensions (perhaps more) digital image processing may be modeled in the form of multidimensional systems.
Land degradationLand degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land. It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. Natural hazards are excluded as a cause; however human activities can indirectly affect phenomena such as floods and bush fires. Expert projections suggest that land degradation will be an important theme of the 21st century, impacting agricultural productivity, biodiversity loss, environmental change, and its effects on food security.
Concordance inter-jugesIn statistics, inter-rater reliability (also called by various similar names, such as inter-rater agreement, inter-rater concordance, inter-observer reliability, inter-coder reliability, and so on) is the degree of agreement among independent observers who rate, code, or assess the same phenomenon. Assessment tools that rely on ratings must exhibit good inter-rater reliability, otherwise they are not valid tests. There are a number of statistics that can be used to determine inter-rater reliability.
Régression et dégradation des solsvignette|redresse=1.7|Carte mondiale de la dégradation des sols établie en 2017. Selon le rapport de 2015 de la FAO et l' sur l'« État des ressources du sol dans le monde », un tiers des terres arables de la planète sont plus ou moins menacées de disparaître. Les principales menaces qui affectent les sols sont leur érosion (par l'eau, le vent ou le labour), la perte de carbone organique et les déséquilibres nutritifs liés principalement au changement d'affectation des sols (urbanisation, défrichement), ainsi qu'à l'intensification de l'agriculture et de la déforestation.
