ThiomerThiolated polymers designated thiomers are functional polymers used in biotechnology product development with the intention to prolong mucosal drug residence time and to enhance absorption of drugs. The name thiomer was coined by Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch in 2000. Thiomers have thiol bearing side chains. Sulfhydryl ligands of low molecular mass are covalently bound to a polymeric backbone consisting of mainly biodegradable polymers, such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, cellulose derivatives, pullulan, starch, gelatin, polyacrylates, cyclodextrins, or silicones.
Gastrointestinal diseaseGastrointestinal diseases (abbrev. GI diseases or GI illnesses) refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum, and the accessory organs of digestion, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Oral and maxillofacial pathologyTongue disease and Salivary gland disease The oral cavity is part of the gastrointestinal system and as such the presence of alterations in this district can be the first sign of both systemic and gastrointestinal diseases.
AgaroseAgarose is a heteropolysaccharide, generally extracted from certain red seaweed. It is a linear polymer made up of the repeating unit of agarobiose, which is a disaccharide made up of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactopyranose. Agarose is one of the two principal components of agar, and is purified from agar by removing agar's other component, agaropectin. Agarose is frequently used in molecular biology for the separation of large molecules, especially DNA, by electrophoresis. Slabs of agarose gels (usually 0.
Genetically modified tomatoA genetically modified tomato, or transgenic tomato, is a tomato that has had its genes modified, using genetic engineering. The first trial genetically modified food was a tomato engineered to have a longer shelf life (the Flavr Savr), which was on the market briefly beginning on May 21, 1994. The first direct consumption tomato was approved in Japan in 2021. Primary work is focused on developing tomatoes with new traits like increased resistance to pests or environmental stresses.
Biliary tractThe biliary tract (also biliary tree or biliary system) refers to the liver, gallbladder and bile ducts, and how they work together to make, store and secrete bile. Bile consists of water, electrolytes, bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids and conjugated bilirubin. Some components are synthesized by hepatocytes (liver cells); the rest are extracted from the blood by the liver. Bile is secreted by the liver into small ducts that join to form the common hepatic duct. Between meals, secreted bile is stored in the gallbladder.
Alginic acidAlginic acid, also called algin, is a naturally occurring, edible polysaccharide found in brown algae. It is hydrophilic and forms a viscous gum when hydrated. With metals such as sodium and calcium, its salts are known as alginates. Its colour ranges from white to yellowish-brown. It is sold in filamentous, granular, or powdered forms. It is a significant component of the biofilms produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major pathogen found in the lungs of some people who have cystic fibrosis.
Voie sublingualevignette|Dissection, montrant les glandes salivaires du côté droit En pharmacologie, on appelle voie sublinguale une façon d'administrer des médicaments par voie buccale sous la langue jusqu'à dissolution complète, par absorption au travers des muqueuses sous la langue. Elle est différente de la voie perlinguale qui concerne uniquement les muqueuses de la langue et de la face interne des joues.
Immunité croiséeEn immunologie, on parle d’immunité croisée lorsqu'un anticorps spécifique d'un antigène, c'est-à-dire d'une protéine spécifique d'un pathogène, est également efficace pour un autre pathogène, qui présente un antigène très proche. Le système immunitaire adaptatif est ainsi capable de se protéger d'un agent pathogène à la suite d'une exposition à un autre agent, distinct. Ce phénomène est notamment observé dans le cas de la vaccination contre la grippe : le vaccin contient une des souches particulières de la grippe, tout en ayant aussi une action sur d'autres souches ayant un épitope similaire.
Prokinetic agentA prokinetic agent (also gastroprokinetic agent, gastrokinetic agent or propulsive) is a type of drug which enhances gastrointestinal motility by increasing the frequency or strength of contractions, but without disrupting their rhythm. They are used to treat certain gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal discomfort, bloating, constipation, heart burn, nausea, and vomiting; and certain gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome, gastritis, gastroparesis, and functional dyspepsia.
PolyacrylamideLe polyacrylamide est un polymère répondant à la formule [-CH2-CH(-CONH2)-], formé à partir d'acrylamide. Il peut être réticulé en incorporant dans le mélange de polymérisation un dérivé bifonctionnel de l'acrylamide : le N,N'-méthylène-bis-acrylamide (CH2=CH-CO-NH-)2CH2. Le polyacrylamide, contrairement à l'acrylamide qui est neurotoxique, n'est pas toxique mais doit être manipulé avec précaution car il peut contenir des traces de monomère acrylamide. Le polyacrylamide est un gel hautement absorbant.
