Spindle checkpointThe spindle checkpoint, also known as the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), the metaphase checkpoint, or the mitotic checkpoint, is a cell cycle checkpoint during mitosis or meiosis that prevents the separation of the duplicated chromosomes (anaphase) until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle. To achieve proper segregation, the two kinetochores on the sister chromatids must be attached to opposite spindle poles (bipolar orientation).
Cellule souchevignette|Cellules souches embryonnaires de souris en culture. En biologie cellulaire, une cellule souche est une cellule indifférenciée capable, à la fois, de générer des cellules spécialisées par différenciation cellulaire et de se maintenir dans l'organisme par division symétrique ou division asymétrique. Les cellules souches sont présentes chez tous les êtres vivants multicellulaires. Elles jouent un rôle central dans le développement des organismes ainsi que dans le maintien de leur intégrité au cours de la vie.
SpermSperm (: sperm or sperms) is the male reproductive cell, or gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction (forms in which there is a larger, female reproductive cell and a smaller, male one). Animals produce motile sperm with a tail known as a flagellum, which are known as spermatozoa, while some red algae and fungi produce non-motile sperm cells, known as spermatia. Flowering plants contain non-motile sperm inside pollen, while some more basal plants like ferns and some gymnosperms have motile sperm.
Mitotic catastropheMitotic catastrophe has been defined as either a cellular mechanism to prevent potentially cancerous cells from proliferating or as a mode of cellular death that occurs following improper cell cycle progression or entrance. Mitotic catastrophe can be induced by prolonged activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint, errors in mitosis, or DNA damage and functioned to prevent genomic instability. It is a mechanism that is being researched as a potential therapeutic target in cancers, and numerous approved therapeutics induce mitotic catastrophe.
PLK1Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1, also known as polo-like kinase 1 (PLK-1) or serine/threonine-protein kinase 13 (STPK13), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLK1 (polo-like kinase 1) gene. PLK1 consists of 603 amino acids and is 66kDa. In addition to the N-terminus kinase domain, there are two conserved polo-box regions of 30 amino acids at the C-terminus. Kinase activity is regulated at least in part, by the polo-boxes that are functionally important for both auto-inhibition and subcellular localization.
Culture cellulaireLa culture cellulaire est un ensemble de techniques de biologie utilisées pour faire croître des cellules hors de leur organisme (ex-vivo) ou de leur milieu d'origine, dans un but d'expérimentation scientifique ou de fécondation in vitro. Les cellules mises en culture peuvent être: des micro-organismes libres (bactéries ou levures) des cellules « saines » prélevées fraîchement d'un organisme (biopsie...), on parle alors de « culture primaire ».
Animalvignette|upright=1.5|Biomasse animale totale (en gigatonne de carbone). Les Animaux (Animalia) (du latin animalis « animé, vivant, animal ») sont en biologie, selon la classification classique, des êtres vivants hétérotrophes (c’est-à-dire qui se nourrissent de substances organiques) et possédant du collagène dans leurs matrices extracellulaires. On réserve aujourd'hui le terme à des êtres complexes et multicellulaires, bien qu’on ait longtemps considéré les protozoaires comme des animaux unicellulaires.
Spindle pole bodyThe spindle pole body (SPB) is the microtubule organizing center in yeast cells, functionally equivalent to the centrosome. Unlike the centrosome the SPB does not contain centrioles. The SPB organises the microtubule cytoskeleton which plays many roles in the cell. It is important for organising the spindle and thus in cell division. The molecular mass of a diploid SPB, including microtubules and microtubule associated proteins, is estimated to be 1–1.5 GDa whereas a core SPB is 0.3–0.5 GDa.
MicrotubuleLes microtubules (MT) sont des fibres constitutives du cytosquelette, au même titre que les microfilaments d'actine et que les filaments intermédiaires. Ils ont un diamètre d'environ 25 nm et une longueur variable du fait de leur dynamique, conséquence de l'équilibre polymérisation ↔ dépolymérisation dans lequel chacune de leurs deux extrémités sont les sièges. Les microtubules sont ancrés sur le centrosome et le matériel péricentriolaire; ils irradient dans tout le cytoplasme.
Cell growthCell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume. Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism). Cell growth is not to be confused with cell division or the cell cycle, which are distinct processes that can occur alongside cell growth during the process of cell proliferation, where a cell, known as the mother cell, grows and divides to produce two daughter cells.
