Innate immunity against retroviral pathogens: from an ambiguous genetic self to novel therapeutic approaches
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"There is more virus in us than us in us". John Coffin's famous sentence illustrates that particular nucleic acid sequences related to exogenous viruses, called retrotransposons, constitute almost half of the human genome and largely exceeds the amount of ...
T lymphocytes (T cells) are key components of the adaptive immune system. These cells are able to recognize an enormous variety of pathogens thanks to the great specificity of their trans-membrane proteins, the T cell receptors (TCRs). TCR diversity is cre ...
Differences in gene expression may play a major role in speciation and phenotypic diversity. We examined genome-wide differences in transcription factor (TF) binding in several humans and a single chimpanzee by using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed ...
American Association for the Advancement of Science2010
Over the course of evolution, retroviruses and their hosts have been in constant conflict, resulting in a long-term evolutionary "arms race" in which host and pathogen alternately gain selective advantages through functional innovations. On the host side, ...
Mycobacterium marinum, a ubiquitous pathogen of fish and amphibia, is a near relative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of tuberculosis in humans. The genome of the M strain of M. marinum comprises a 6,636,827-bp circular chromosome with 5 ...
Members of the human APOBEC3 family of editing enzymes can inhibit various mobile genetic elements. APOBEC3A (A3A) can block the retrotransposon LINE-1 and the parvovirus adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) but does not inhibit retroviruses. In contrast, ...
HIV host genetic studies seek to describe as comprehensively as possible the effect of human genetic variation on the individual response to HIV type-1 (HIV-1) infection. Many associations between specific gene variants and HIV-1 disease outcomes have been ...
Alternative splicing, an unknown mechanism 20 years ago, is now recognized as a major mechanism for proteome and transcriptome diversity, particularly in mammals-some researchers conjecture that up to 90% of human genes are alternatively spliced. Despite m ...
Understanding the genetic basis of species adaptation in the context of global change poses one of the greatest challenges of this century. Although we have begun to understand the molecular basis of adaptation in those species for which whole genome seque ...
Associative learning is known to modify foraging behavior in numerous parasitic wasps. This is in agreement with optimal foraging theory, which predicts that the wasps will adapt their responses to specific cues in accordance with the rewards they receive ...