ParalanguageParalanguage, also known as vocalics, is a component of meta-communication that may modify meaning, give nuanced meaning, or convey emotion, by using techniques such as prosody, pitch, volume, intonation, etc. It is sometimes defined as relating to nonphonemic properties only. Paralanguage may be expressed consciously or unconsciously. The study of paralanguage is known as paralinguistics and was invented by George L. Trager in the 1950s, while he was working at the Foreign Service Institute of the U.S.
Active-pixel sensorAn active-pixel sensor (APS) is an , which was invented by Peter J.W. Noble in 1968, where each pixel sensor unit cell has a photodetector (typically a pinned photodiode) and one or more active transistors. In a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) active-pixel sensor, MOS field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are used as amplifiers. There are different types of APS, including the early NMOS APS and the now much more common complementary MOS (CMOS) APS, also known as the CMOS sensor.
Étude de cohorteUne étude de cohorte est une étude statistique de type longitudinal. Elle peut être ou interventionnelle, ou . Ce type d'étude scientifique est notamment utilisé en médecine et en épidémiologie (pour ces deux domaines, les bases de données collectées sont dédiées aux études de cohortes épidémiologiques), en sciences humaines et sociales, en science actuarielle et en écologie. L'une des premières études de cohorte connues fut menée par Janet Lane-Claypon en 1912 dans son étude intitulée Report to the Local Government Board upon the Available Data in Regard to the Value of Boiled Milk as a Food for Infants and Young Animals.
