Logical shiftIn computer science, a logical shift is a bitwise operation that shifts all the bits of its operand. The two base variants are the logical left shift and the logical right shift. This is further modulated by the number of bit positions a given value shall be shifted, such as shift left by 1 or shift right by n. Unlike an arithmetic shift, a logical shift does not preserve a number's sign bit or distinguish a number's exponent from its significand (mantissa); every bit in the operand is simply moved a given number of bit positions, and the vacant bit-positions are filled, usually with zeros, and possibly ones (contrast with a circular shift).
Fredkin gateThe Fredkin gate (also CSWAP gate and conservative logic gate) is a computational circuit suitable for reversible computing, invented by Edward Fredkin. It is universal, which means that any logical or arithmetic operation can be constructed entirely of Fredkin gates. The Fredkin gate is a circuit or device with three inputs and three outputs that transmits the first bit unchanged and swaps the last two bits if, and only if, the first bit is 1. The basic Fredkin gate is a controlled swap gate that maps three inputs (C, I1, I2) onto three outputs (C, O1, O2).
Fonction OU exclusifLa fonction OU exclusif, souvent appelée XOR (eXclusive OR) ou disjonction exclusive, ou somme binaire en cryptographie où il est noté +, ou encore ⊻ en algèbre relationnelle, est un opérateur logique de l'algèbre de Boole. À deux opérandes, qui peuvent avoir chacun la valeur VRAI ou FAUX, il associe un résultat qui a lui-même la valeur VRAI seulement si les deux opérandes ont des valeurs distinctes. Cet opérateur est très utilisé en électronique, en informatique, et aussi en cryptographie du fait de ses propriétés intéressantes.
Inductive programmingInductive programming (IP) is a special area of automatic programming, covering research from artificial intelligence and programming, which addresses learning of typically declarative (logic or functional) and often recursive programs from incomplete specifications, such as input/output examples or constraints. Depending on the programming language used, there are several kinds of inductive programming.
