Sol acide à sulfatesIl existe sur tous les continents des sols dits « sols acides à sulfates ». Ils sont souvent situés en zone sédimentaire proche de l'océan et/ou en arrière-pays de zones ferrugineuses ou latéritiques. Les cultures y sont plus difficiles, et ces sols sont souvent plus vulnérables à l'érosion, à la dégradation et à la salinisation. Ils sont aussi plus vulnérables que les sols basique à de nombreuses pollutions (par les métaux lourds par exemple, qui sont plus mobiles et bioassimilables dans un substrat acide).
Nutrient managementNutrient management is the science and practice directed to link soil, crop, weather, and hydrologic factors with cultural, irrigation, and soil and water conservation practices to achieve optimal nutrient use efficiency, crop yields, crop quality, and economic returns, while reducing off-site transport of nutrients (fertilizer) that may impact the environment. It involves matching a specific field soil, climate, and crop management conditions to rate, source, timing, and place (commonly known as the 4R nutrient stewardship) of nutrient application.
Soil respirationSoil respiration refers to the production of carbon dioxide when soil organisms respire. This includes respiration of plant roots, the rhizosphere, microbes and fauna. Soil respiration is a key ecosystem process that releases carbon from the soil in the form of CO2. CO2 is acquired by plants from the atmosphere and converted into organic compounds in the process of photosynthesis. Plants use these organic compounds to build structural components or respire them to release energy.
Particulate organic matterParticulate organic matter (POM) is a fraction of total organic matter operationally defined as that which does not pass through a filter pore size that typically ranges in size from 0.053 millimeters (53 μm) to 2 millimeters. Particulate organic carbon (POC) is a closely related term often used interchangeably with POM. POC refers specifically to the mass of carbon in the particulate organic material, while POM refers to the total mass of the particulate organic matter.
Alkali soilAlkali, or Alkaline, soils are clay soils with high pH (greater than 8.5), a poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity. Often they have a hard calcareous layer at 0.5 to 1 metre depth. Alkali soils owe their unfavorable physico-chemical properties mainly to the dominating presence of sodium carbonate, which causes the soil to swell and difficult to clarify/settle. They derive their name from the alkali metal group of elements, to which sodium belongs, and which can induce basicity.
Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storageSoil carbon storage is an important function of terrestrial ecosystems. Soil contains more carbon than plants and the atmosphere combined. Understanding what maintains the soil carbon pool is important to understand the current distribution of carbon on Earth, and how it will respond to environmental change. While much research has been done on how plants, free-living microbial decomposers, and soil minerals affect this pool of carbon, it is recently coming to light that mycorrhizal fungi—symbiotic fungi that associate with roots of almost all living plants—may play an important role in maintaining this pool as well.
Unified Soil Classification SystemThe Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) is a soil classification system used in engineering and geology to describe the texture and grain size of a soil. The classification system can be applied to most unconsolidated materials, and is represented by a two-letter symbol. Each letter is described below (with the exception of Pt): If the soil has 5–12% by weight of fines passing a #200 sieve (5% < P#200 < 12%), both grain size distribution and plasticity have a significant effect on the engineering properties of the soil, and dual notation may be used for the group symbol.
Reaction rateThe reaction rate or rate of reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place, defined as proportional to the increase in the concentration of a product per unit time and to the decrease in the concentration of a reactant per unit time. Reaction rates can vary dramatically. For example, the oxidative rusting of iron under Earth's atmosphere is a slow reaction that can take many years, but the combustion of cellulose in a fire is a reaction that takes place in fractions of a second.
Taxonomie des solsLa taxonomie des sols est une classification des basée sur leurs relations naturelles. La taxinomie des sols a pour objectif « d'avoir des hiérarchies de classes qui permettent de comprendre les relations entre les sols et également entre les sols et les facteurs responsables de leurs caractères ». La taxinomie est un terme plus étroit que la classification car elle exclut les usages pratiques spécifiques pour ne s'intéresser qu'aux relations naturelles.
Écologie du solL'écologie du sol est la science des interactions entre les êtres vivants du sol avec celui-ci, et l'étude des natures (biotique et abiotique) des sols eux-mêmes . Il existe un lien important entre la richesse des communautés végétales, fongiques, bactériennes, de la microfaune du sol (biodiversité) et les propriétés et les fonctions écologiques du sol Le sol est à la fois un habitat d'espèces, un produit du vivant et un facteur de sélection des espèces, via des mécanismes complexes encore incomplètement compris.
