Pic de HubbertLe pic de Hubbert ou courbe de Hubbert, est une courbe en cloche proposée dans les années 1940 par le géophysicien Marion King Hubbert, qui modélise la production d'une matière première donnée, en particulier celle du pétrole. Cette courbe devint célèbre quand Hubbert en fit la présentation officielle à l'American Petroleum Institute en 1956, avec les deux points importants suivants : cette courbe en cloche passe par un maximum, indiquant que la production décline forcément par la suite ; elle est relativement symétrique par rapport à ce maximum.
Cancer du pancréasLe cancer du pancréas, ou adénocarcinome pancréatique, est un cancer de la glande pancréatique (située derrière l’estomac et qui sécrète les enzymes digestives). Relativement rare (1,8 % des cancers en France en 2011, soit 9 040 nouveaux cas cette année-là) mais son incidence semble en augmentation récente. Des prédispositions génétiques familiales existent mais n'expliquent que 5 à 10 % des cas.
Endometrioid tumorEndometrioid tumors are a class of tumor characterized by a resemblance to endometrium/ endometrial carcinoma, and over a third of cases have focal squamous differentiation. They are part of the surface epithelial tumor group of ovarian neoplasms (10–20% of which are the endometrioid type). Benign and borderline variants are rare, as the majority are malignant. There is an association with endometriosis and concurrent primary endometrial carcinoma (endometrial cancer).
Air-free techniqueAir-free techniques refer to a range of manipulations in the chemistry laboratory for the handling of compounds that are air-sensitive. These techniques prevent the compounds from reacting with components of air, usually water and oxygen; less commonly carbon dioxide and nitrogen. A common theme among these techniques is the use of a fine (100–10−3 Torr) or high (10−3–10−6 Torr) vacuum to remove air, and the use of an inert gas: preferably argon, but often nitrogen.
Sex cord–gonadal stromal tumourSex cord–gonadal stromal tumour is a group of tumors derived from the stromal component of the ovary and testis, which comprises the granulosa, thecal cells and fibrocytes. In contrast, the epithelial cells originate from the outer epithelial lining surrounding the gonad while the germ cell tumors arise from the precursor cells of the gametes, hence the name germ cell. In humans, this group accounts for 8% of ovarian cancers and under 5% of testicular cancers. Their diagnosis is histological: only a biopsy of the tumour can make an exact diagnosis.
Air sensitivityAir sensitivity is a term used, particularly in chemistry, to denote the reactivity of chemical compounds with some constituent of air. Most often, reactions occur with atmospheric oxygen (O2) or water vapor (H2O), although reactions with the other constituents of air such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen (N2) are also possible. A variety of air-free techniques have been developed to handle air-sensitive compounds. Two main types of equipment are gloveboxes and Schlenk lines.
