InondationUne inondation est une submersion temporaire, naturelle ou artificielle, d'un espace par de l'eau liquide. Ce terme est fréquemment utilisé pour décrire : le débordement d'un cours d'eau, en crue puis en décrue, sur les terrains voisins ; l'eau est répandue dans les talwegs et les dépressions topographiques ; le ruissellement très important d'origine pluviale, soit sur des terres cultivées (inondation boueuse), soit en zone imperméable urbanisée ; le débordement ou les conséquences de la rupture d'ouvrages artificiels hydrauliques tels que retenues d'eau, digues, canalisations (agricoles, d'eau potable, d'assainissement) ou la rupture d'une retenue naturelle comme celle d'un lac glaciaire, provoquant une inondation soudaine ; la remontée émergente d'une nappe phréatique ; l'envahissement temporaire par la mer d'une zone côtière lors d'une submersion marine ou d'un tsunami.
Urban floodingUrban flooding is the inundation of land or property in a built environment, particularly in more densely populated areas, caused by rainfall overwhelming the capacity of drainage systems, such as storm sewers. Although sometimes triggered by events such as flash flooding or snowmelt, urban flooding is a condition, characterized by its repetitive and systemic impacts on communities, that can happen regardless of whether or not affected communities are located within designated floodplains or near any body of water.
Uncertainty quantificationUncertainty quantification (UQ) is the science of quantitative characterization and estimation of uncertainties in both computational and real world applications. It tries to determine how likely certain outcomes are if some aspects of the system are not exactly known. An example would be to predict the acceleration of a human body in a head-on crash with another car: even if the speed was exactly known, small differences in the manufacturing of individual cars, how tightly every bolt has been tightened, etc.
Crue centennaleUne crue centennale (prononcer ) est une crue dont la probabilité d'apparition (dite période de retour) sur une année est de , en termes de débit. Autrement dit, chaque année, la probabilité que son débit soit atteint ou dépassé est de . Il est donc faux de dire, comme l'affirme la croyance populaire, qu'une telle crue ne survient que tous les cent ans. De même une crue millénale a une probabilité d'apparition sur une année de . Enfin, une crue décennale est celle avec une probabilité de retour sur une année de .
Interval estimationIn statistics, interval estimation is the use of sample data to estimate an interval of possible values of a parameter of interest. This is in contrast to point estimation, which gives a single value. The most prevalent forms of interval estimation are confidence intervals (a frequentist method) and credible intervals (a Bayesian method); less common forms include likelihood intervals and fiducial intervals.
ParameterA parameter (), generally, is any characteristic that can help in defining or classifying a particular system (meaning an event, project, object, situation, etc.). That is, a parameter is an element of a system that is useful, or critical, when identifying the system, or when evaluating its performance, status, condition, etc. Parameter has more specific meanings within various disciplines, including mathematics, computer programming, engineering, statistics, logic, linguistics, and electronic musical composition.
Summary statisticsIn descriptive statistics, summary statistics are used to summarize a set of observations, in order to communicate the largest amount of information as simply as possible. Statisticians commonly try to describe the observations in a measure of location, or central tendency, such as the arithmetic mean a measure of statistical dispersion like the standard mean absolute deviation a measure of the shape of the distribution like skewness or kurtosis if more than one variable is measured, a measure of statistical dependence such as a correlation coefficient A common collection of order statistics used as summary statistics are the five-number summary, sometimes extended to a seven-number summary, and the associated box plot.
UncertaintyUncertainty refers to epistemic situations involving imperfect or unknown information. It applies to predictions of future events, to physical measurements that are already made, or to the unknown. Uncertainty arises in partially observable or stochastic environments, as well as due to ignorance, indolence, or both. It arises in any number of fields, including insurance, philosophy, physics, statistics, economics, finance, medicine, psychology, sociology, engineering, metrology, meteorology, ecology and information science.
Bassin versantvignette|upright=1.5|alt=Vue numérique d'un relief et mise en évidence d'une rivière, de ses affluents et du périmètre de son bassin versant.|Bassin versant de la , en Roumanie. Un bassin versant est une zone géographique de collecte des eaux de surface par un cours d'eau et ses affluents. Il est limité à l'amont par une ligne de partage des eaux qui correspond souvent, mais pas toujours, à une ligne de crête.
Statistical parameterIn statistics, as opposed to its general use in mathematics, a parameter is any measured quantity of a statistical population that summarises or describes an aspect of the population, such as a mean or a standard deviation. If a population exactly follows a known and defined distribution, for example the normal distribution, then a small set of parameters can be measured which completely describes the population, and can be considered to define a probability distribution for the purposes of extracting samples from this population.
