Algebraic operationIn mathematics, a basic algebraic operation is any one of the common operations of arithmetic, which include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to a whole number power, and taking roots (fractional power). These operations may be performed on numbers, in which case they are often called arithmetic operations. They may also be performed, in a similar way, on variables, algebraic expressions, and more generally, on elements of algebraic structures, such as groups and fields.
Hypostatic abstractionHypostatic abstraction in mathematical logic, also known as hypostasis or subjectal abstraction, is a formal operation that transforms a predicate into a relation; for example "Honey is sweet" is transformed into "Honey has sweetness". The relation is created between the original subject and a new term that represents the property expressed by the original predicate. Hypostasis changes a propositional formula of the form X is Y to another one of the form X has the property of being Y or X has Y-ness.
Expressive power (computer science)In computer science, the expressive power (also called expressiveness or expressivity) of a language is the breadth of ideas that can be represented and communicated in that language. The more expressive a language is, the greater the variety and quantity of ideas it can be used to represent. For example, the Web Ontology Language expression language profile (OWL2 EL) lacks ideas (such as negation) which can be expressed in OWL2 RL (rule language). OWL2 EL may therefore be said to have less expressive power than OWL2 RL.
Projection (algèbre relationnelle)In relational algebra, a projection is a unary operation written as , where is a relation and are attribute names. Its result is defined as the set obtained when the components of the tuples in are restricted to the set – it discards (or excludes) the other attributes. In practical terms, if a relation is thought of as a table, then projection can be thought of as picking a subset of its columns. For example, if the attributes are (name, age), then projection of the relation {(Alice, 5), (Bob, 8)} onto attribute list (age) yields {5,8} – we have discarded the names, and only know what ages are present.
Forme normale conjonctiveEn logique booléenne et en calcul des propositions, une formule en forme normale conjonctive ou FNC (en anglais, Conjunctive Normal Form, Clausal Normal Form ou CNF) est une conjonction de clauses, où une clause est une disjonction de littéraux. Les formules en FNC sont utilisées dans le cadre de la démonstration automatique de théorèmes ou encore dans la résolution du problème SAT (en particulier dans l'algorithme DPLL). Une expression logique est en FNC si et seulement si elle est une conjonction d'une ou plusieurs disjonction(s) d'un ou plusieurs littéraux.
Data structure diagramA data structure diagram (DSD) is the visual representation of a certain kind of data model that contains entities, their relationships, and the constraints that are placed on them. It is an older alternative to the entity–relationship model. The basic graphic notation elements of DSDs are boxes which represent entities. Arrow symbols represent relationships. Data structure diagrams are most useful for documenting complex data entities. A data structure diagram is a diagram type that is used to depict the structure of data elements in the data dictionary.
Pairing heapA pairing heap is a type of heap data structure with relatively simple implementation and excellent practical amortized performance, introduced by Michael Fredman, Robert Sedgewick, Daniel Sleator, and Robert Tarjan in 1986. Pairing heaps are heap-ordered multiway tree structures, and can be considered simplified Fibonacci heaps. They are considered a "robust choice" for implementing such algorithms as Prim's MST algorithm, and support the following operations (assuming a min-heap): find-min: simply return the top element of the heap.
Histoire de la logiqueL'histoire de la logique, en Occident, prend ses racines dans la philosophie et les mathématiques de la Grèce antique pour se développer en richesse au . Des développements parallèles ont notamment eu lieu en Chine et en Inde. Le développement de la logique dans le monde arabo-musulman s'intègre à celui de l'Europe, du fait de leur proximité. La logique chinoise est longtemps restée isolée des développements de la logique en Europe et dans le monde arabo-musulman. 400 ans avant notre ère, la fondation de l'école du moïsme est attribuée à Mozi.
Prover9Prover9 is an automated theorem prover for first-order and equational logic developed by William McCune. Prover9 is the successor of the Otter theorem prover also developed by William McCune. Prover9 is noted for producing relatively readable proofs and having a powerful hints strategy. Prover9 is intentionally paired with Mace4, which searches for finite models and counterexamples. Both can be run simultaneously from the same input, with Prover9 attempting to find a proof, while Mace4 attempts to find a (disproving) counter-example.
Tas binomialEn informatique, un tas binomial est une structure de données assez proche du tas binaire, mais qui permet aussi de fusionner deux tas rapidement. Ainsi, il supporte les opérations suivantes, toutes en O(log n) : insérer un nouvel élément au tas ; trouver l'élément de plus petite clé ; effacer du tas l'élément de plus petite clé ; diminuer la clé d'un élément donné ; effacer un élément donné du tas ; fusionner deux tas en un seul. Le tas binomial est donc une implémentation du type abstrait tas fusionnable, c'est-à-dire une permettant des opérations de fusion.
