Dynéinethumb|Complexe de dynéine. Les dynéines sont des complexes protéiques d’environ 2 MDa, comportant deux ou trois chaînes lourdes, deux chaînes intermédiaires et huit chaînes légères. Elles sont associées à des microtubules, se dirigeant vers leur extrémité « - » (centripètes), et possèdent plusieurs rôles différents. Les dynéines ne fonctionnent qu'avec un complexe protéique associé, la dynactine. On distingue : les dynéines axonémalesElles sont fixées à l'un des microtubules des doublets présents en périphérie d'un axonème.
Polarity in embryogenesisIn developmental biology, an embryo is divided into two hemispheres: the animal pole and the vegetal pole within a blastula. The animal pole consists of small cells that divide rapidly, in contrast with the vegetal pole below it. In some cases, the animal pole is thought to differentiate into the later embryo itself, forming the three primary germ layers and participating in gastrulation. The vegetal pole contains large yolky cells that divide very slowly, in contrast with the animal pole above it.
Mad2Mad2 (mitotic arrest deficient 2) is an essential spindle checkpoint protein. The spindle checkpoint system is a regulatory system that restrains progression through the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. The Mad2 gene was first identified in the yeast S. cerevisiae in a screen for genes which when mutated would confer sensitivity to microtubule poisons. The human orthologues of Mad2 (MAD2L1 and MAD2L2) were first cloned in a search for human cDNAs that would rescue the microtubule poison-sensitivity of a yeast strain in which a kinetochore binding protein was missing.
Neurohypophysevignette|Les parties de l'hypophyse : antérieure (adénohypophyse) et postérieure (neurohypophyse). La neurohypophyse (ou hypophyse postérieure ou posthypophyse) correspond à la partie postérieure de l'hypophyse. Constitué de tissu nerveux, il s'agit en fait d'un diverticule de l'hypothalamus qui se place, au cours du développement embryonnaire, dorsalement contre un diverticule pharyngien qui, lui, donne naissance à l'hypophyse épithéliale.
CoenocyteA coenocyte (ˈsiːnəˌsaɪt) is a multinucleate cell which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without their accompanying cytokinesis, in contrast to a syncytium, which results from cellular aggregation followed by dissolution of the cell membranes inside the mass. The word syncytium in animal embryology is used to refer to the coenocytic blastoderm of invertebrates. A coenocytic colony is referred to as a coenobium (plural coenobia), and most coenobia are composed of a distinct number of cells, often as a multiple of two (4, 8, etc.
Fate mappingFate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells is mapped onto the embryo, showing which parts of the embryo will develop into which tissue. When carried out at single-cell resolution, this process is called cell lineage tracing. It is also used to trace the development of tumors. The earliest fate maps were based on direct observation of the embryos of ascidians or other marine invertebrates.
Reaction (physics)As described by the third of Newton's laws of motion of classical mechanics, all forces occur in pairs such that if one object exerts a force on another object, then the second object exerts an equal and opposite reaction force on the first. The third law is also more generally stated as: "To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction: or the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts." The attribution of which of the two forces is the action and which is the reaction is arbitrary.
Axis (os)L'axis est la deuxième vertèbre cervicale (C2). Elle présente comme les autres vertèbres un corps vertébral et un arc vertébral. La face inférieure de l'axis est identique à celle des autres vertèbres cervicales et est séparée de la troisième vertèbre cervicale par un disque intervertébral. Il se différencie des autres vertèbres cervicales par sa face supérieure. Le corps de l'axis est haut et aplati d'avant en arrière. Il présente une face antérieure, une face postérieure, une face inférieure, une face supérieure et deux faces latérales.
