Goal orientationGoal orientation, or achievement orientation, is an "individual disposition towards developing or validating one's ability in achievement settings". In general, an individual can be said to be mastery or performance oriented, based on whether one's goal is to develop one's ability or to demonstrate one's ability, respectively. A mastery orientation is also sometimes referred to as a learning orientation. Goal orientation refers to how an individual interprets and reacts to tasks, resulting in different patterns of cognition, affect and behavior.
Chemical synapseChemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body. At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron.
ZielA goal or objective is an idea of the future or desired result that a person or a group of people envision, plan and commit to achieve. People endeavour to reach goals within a finite time by setting deadlines. A goal is roughly similar to a purpose or aim, the anticipated result which guides reaction, or an end, which is an object, either a physical object or an abstract object, that has intrinsic value. Goal setting Goal-setting theory was formulated based on empirical research and has been called one of the most important theories in organizational psychology.
ComputationnalismeLe computationnalisme est une théorie fonctionnaliste en philosophie de l'esprit qui, pour des raisons méthodologiques, conçoit l'esprit comme un système de traitement de l'information et compare la pensée à un calcul (en anglais, computation) et, plus précisément, à l'application d'un système de règles. Par computationnalisme, on entend la théorie développée en particulier par Hilary Putnam et Jerry Fodor, et non le cognitivisme en général. Le terme a été proposé par Hilary Putnam en 1961, et développé par Jerry Fodor dans les années 1960 et 1970.
Computational modelA computational model uses computer programs to simulate and study complex systems using an algorithmic or mechanistic approach and is widely used in a diverse range of fields spanning from physics, engineering, chemistry and biology to economics, psychology, cognitive science and computer science. The system under study is often a complex nonlinear system for which simple, intuitive analytical solutions are not readily available.
Commutation de contexteUne commutation de contexte (context switch) en informatique consiste à sauvegarder l'état d'un processus ou d'un thread pour restaurer à la place celui d'un autre dans le cadre de l'ordonnancement d'un système d'exploitation multitâche. Elle peut être plus ou moins coûteuse en temps processeur suivant l'architecture matérielle, le système d'exploitation, ou le type de processus utilisé. En effet, dans le cas des processus lourds elle nécessite toujours un changement d’espace d’adressage, alors que les processus légers de même père partagent ce dernier, qui n'a alors pas besoin d'être rechargé.
Fixed effects modelIn statistics, a fixed effects model is a statistical model in which the model parameters are fixed or non-random quantities. This is in contrast to random effects models and mixed models in which all or some of the model parameters are random variables. In many applications including econometrics and biostatistics a fixed effects model refers to a regression model in which the group means are fixed (non-random) as opposed to a random effects model in which the group means are a random sample from a population.
Plasticité neuronalevignette|Effets schématiques de la neuroplasticité après entraînement Plasticité neuronale, neuroplasticité ou encore plasticité cérébrale sont des termes génériques qui décrivent les mécanismes par lesquels le cerveau est capable de se modifier lors des processus de neurogenèse dès la phase embryonnaire ou lors d'apprentissages. Elle s’exprime par la capacité du cerveau de créer, défaire ou réorganiser les réseaux de neurones et les connexions de ces neurones. Le cerveau est ainsi qualifié de « plastique » ou de « malléable ».
Nonlinear mixed-effects modelNonlinear mixed-effects models constitute a class of statistical models generalizing linear mixed-effects models. Like linear mixed-effects models, they are particularly useful in settings where there are multiple measurements within the same statistical units or when there are dependencies between measurements on related statistical units. Nonlinear mixed-effects models are applied in many fields including medicine, public health, pharmacology, and ecology.
Neural correlates of consciousnessThe neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) refer to the relationships between mental states and neural states and constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena; that is, neural changes which necessarily and regularly correlate with a specific experience.
