Induction motorAn induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motor can therefore be made without electrical connections to the rotor. An induction motor's rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage type. Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used as industrial drives because they are self-starting, reliable, and economical.
Muscle squelettiqueLes muscles squelettiques sont les muscles sous contrôle volontaire du système nerveux central. Le corps humain comprend environ 570 muscles présents chez tous les individus sains. Leur corps contient des vaisseaux sanguins, des nerfs, des organes sensoriels, du tissu conjonctif commun, et des cellules musculaires. En microscopie photonique (ou optique), ils présentent une double striation longitudinale et transversale. La science du muscle est la myologie. Les myoblastes sont les cellules précurseurs des muscles.
Event-related potentialAn event-related potential (ERP) is the measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event. More formally, it is any stereotyped electrophysiological response to a stimulus. The study of the brain in this way provides a noninvasive means of evaluating brain functioning. ERPs are measured by means of electroencephalography (EEG). The magnetoencephalography (MEG) equivalent of ERP is the ERF, or event-related field. Evoked potentials and induced potentials are subtypes of ERPs.
Anatomical terms of motionMotion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relative to the anatomical position of the body parts involved. Anatomists and others use a unified set of terms to describe most of the movements, although other, more specialized terms are necessary for describing unique movements such as those of the hands, feet, and eyes.
DC motorA DC motor is an electrical motor that uses direct current (DC) to produce mechanical force. The most common types rely on magnetic forces produced by currents in the coils. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current in part of the motor. DC motors were the first form of motors widely used, as they could be powered from existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems.
Contraction musculaireLa contraction musculaire résulte de la contraction coordonnée de chacune des cellules du muscle. Il existe quatre phases au cours de la contraction d'une cellule musculaire « type » : l'excitation ou la stimulation qui correspond à l'arrivée du message nerveux sur la fibre musculaire ; le couplage excitation-contraction qui regroupe l'ensemble des processus permettant de transformer le signal nerveux reçu par la cellule en un signal intracellulaire vers les fibres contractiles ; la contraction proprement dite ; la relaxation qui est le retour de la cellule musculaire à l'état de repos physiologique.
MyocyteLes myocytes, ou fibres musculaires, sont des cellules capables de contraction (syncytium, fusion de plusieurs cellules). On distingue principalement les des myocytes lisses. Les propriétés contractiles des cellules musculaires tiennent de la présence d'éléments du cytosquelette capables de se contracter à la suite d'une augmentation de la concentration en calcium intracellulaire. Ces éléments contractiles élémentaires sont constitués de microfilaments d'actine couplés à des myofilaments de myosine.
Muscle lissevignette|Tissu musculaire lisse sous microscope Le muscle lisse est un type de muscle dont, à l'inverse du muscle strié, les protéines contractiles ne sont pas organisées sous forme de sarcomères, ce qui lui ôte l'aspect strié lors de l'observation sous microscope. Le muscle lisse se contracte lentement et avec moins de force que le muscle strié. Il est sous le contrôle du système nerveux autonome et du système endocrinien et fonctionne donc de manière indépendante de la volonté.
Threshold potentialIn electrophysiology, the threshold potential is the critical level to which a membrane potential must be depolarized to initiate an action potential. In neuroscience, threshold potentials are necessary to regulate and propagate signaling in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Most often, the threshold potential is a membrane potential value between –50 and –55 mV, but can vary based upon several factors.
Motor controllerA motor controller is a device or group of devices that can coordinate in a predetermined manner the performance of an electric motor. A motor controller might include a manual or automatic means for starting and stopping the motor, selecting forward or reverse rotation, selecting and regulating the speed, regulating or limiting the torque, and protecting against overloads and electrical faults. Motor controllers may use electromechanical switching, or may use power electronics devices to regulate the speed and direction of a motor.
