NanolithographyNanolithography (NL) is a growing field of techniques within nanotechnology dealing with the engineering (patterning e.g. etching, depositing, writing, printing etc) of nanometer-scale structures on various materials. The modern term reflects on a design of structures built in range of 10−9 to 10−6 meters, i.e. nanometer scale. Essentially, the field is a derivative of lithography, only covering very small structures. All NL methods can be categorized into four groups: photo lithography, scanning lithography, soft lithography and other miscellaneous techniques.
Dip-pen nanolithographyDip pen nanolithography (DPN) is a scanning probe lithography technique where an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip is used to create patterns directly on a range of substances with a variety of inks. A common example of this technique is exemplified by the use of alkane thiolates to imprint onto a gold surface. This technique allows surface patterning on scales of under 100 nanometers.
Scanning probe lithographyScanning probe lithography (SPL) describes a set of nanolithographic methods to pattern material on the nanoscale using scanning probes. It is a direct-write, mask-less approach which bypasses the diffraction limit and can reach resolutions below 10 nm. It is considered an alternative lithographic technology often used in academic and research environments. The term scanning probe lithography was coined after the first patterning experiments with scanning probe microscopes (SPM) in the late 1980s.
Auto-assemblageL’auto-assemblage, parfois rapproché de l'auto-organisation, désigne les procédés par lesquels un système désorganisé de composants élémentaires s'assemble et s'organise de façon spontanée et autonome, à la suite d'interactions spécifiques et locales entre ces composants. On parle d'auto-assemblage moléculaire lorsque les composants en question sont des molécules, mais l'auto-assemblage s'observe à différentes échelles, des molécules à la formation du système solaire et des galaxies en passant par l'échelle nanométrique.
Chimie supramoléculaireLa chimie supramoléculaire est une des branches de la chimie qui repose sur les interactions non-covalentes ou faibles entre atomes au sein d'une molécule ou entre molécules, au sein d'un ensemble moléculaire. Son objectif est de comprendre ou de construire des édifices de taille nanométrique. Le principe est d'utiliser des briques moléculaires qui, une fois mélangées en solution, dans des conditions contrôlées, s'autoassemblent pour donner des édifices plus complexes.
Self-assembly of nanoparticlesNanoparticles are classified as having at least one of three dimensions be in the range of 1-100 nm. The small size of nanoparticles allows them to have unique characteristics which may not be possible on the macro-scale. Self-assembly is the spontaneous organization of smaller subunits to form larger, well-organized patterns. For nanoparticles, this spontaneous assembly is a consequence of interactions between the particles aimed at achieving a thermodynamic equilibrium and reducing the system’s free energy.
