École de Copenhague (physique)vignette|Interprétation de Copenhague dans l'expérience de pensée du chat de Schrödinger : lors d'une désintégration radioactive, il se produit une ramification de l'état. Cependant, selon un principe aléatoire, l'une des deux branches s'effondre immédiatement après que la cohérence entre les états ait suffisamment diminué, par exemple à la suite d'une mesure. L’école de Copenhague ou interprétation de Copenhague est un courant de pensée qui donne une interprétation cohérente de la mécanique quantique.
Television antennaA television antenna (TV aerial) is an antenna specifically designed for use with a television receiver (TV) to receive over-the-air broadcast television signals from a television station. Television reception is dependent upon the antenna as well as the transmitter. Terrestrial television is broadcast on frequencies from about 47 to 250 MHz in the very high frequency (VHF) band, and 470 to 960 MHz in the ultra high frequency (UHF) band in different countries.
Interprétation de la mécanique quantiqueUne interprétation de la mécanique quantique est une tentative d'explication de la façon dont la théorie mathématique de la mécanique quantique « correspond » à la réalité. Bien que la mécanique quantique ait fait l'objet de démonstrations rigoureuses dans une gamme extraordinairement large d'expériences (aucune prédiction de la mécanique quantique n'a été contredite par l'expérience), il existe un certain nombre d'écoles de pensée concurrentes sur son interprétation.
Many-minds interpretationThe many-minds interpretation of quantum mechanics extends the many-worlds interpretation by proposing that the distinction between worlds should be made at the level of the mind of an individual observer. The concept was first introduced in 1970 by H. Dieter Zeh as a variant of the Hugh Everett interpretation in connection with quantum decoherence, and later (in 1981) explicitly called a many or multi-consciousness interpretation. The name many-minds interpretation was first used by David Albert and Barry Loewer in 1988.
Ensemble interpretationThe ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics considers the quantum state description to apply only to an ensemble of similarly prepared systems, rather than supposing that it exhaustively represents an individual physical system. The advocates of the ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics claim that it is minimalist, making the fewest physical assumptions about the meaning of the standard mathematical formalism. It proposes to take to the fullest extent the statistical interpretation of Max Born, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954.
Théorie d'Everettvignette|redresse=1.3|Le paradoxe du chat de Schrödinger dans l’interprétation d’Everett des mondes multiples (many worlds). Ici, chaque évènement est une bifurcation. Le chat est à la fois mort et vivant, avant même l'ouverture de la boite, mais le chat mort et le chat vivant existent dans des bifurcations différentes de l'univers, qui sont tout aussi réelles l'une que l'autre.
Intermediate frequencyIn communications and electronic engineering, an intermediate frequency (IF) is a frequency to which a carrier wave is shifted as an intermediate step in transmission or reception. The intermediate frequency is created by mixing the carrier signal with a local oscillator signal in a process called heterodyning, resulting in a signal at the difference or beat frequency. Intermediate frequencies are used in superheterodyne radio receivers, in which an incoming signal is shifted to an IF for amplification before final detection is done.
Penrose interpretationThe Penrose interpretation is a speculation by Roger Penrose about the relationship between quantum mechanics and general relativity. Penrose proposes that a quantum state remains in superposition until the difference of space-time curvature attains a significant level. Penrose's idea is inspired by quantum gravity, because it uses both the physical constants and .
BeamformingLe Beamforming aussi appelé filtrage spatial, formation de faisceaux ou formation de voies est une technique de traitement du signal utilisée dans les réseaux d'antennes et de capteurs pour l'émission ou la réception directionnelle de signaux. Ceci est réalisé en combinant les éléments d'un réseau d'antennes à commande de phase de telle façon que dans des directions particulières, les signaux interfèrent de façon constructive tandis que dans d'autres directions les interférences soient destructives.
Smart antennaSmart antennas (also known as adaptive array antennas, digital antenna arrays, multiple antennas and, recently, MIMO) are antenna arrays with smart signal processing algorithms used to identify spatial signal signatures such as the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal, and use them to calculate beamforming vectors which are used to track and locate the antenna beam on the mobile/target. Smart antennas should not be confused with reconfigurable antennas, which have similar capabilities but are single element antennas and not antenna arrays.
